225
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Developments in therapy for brain metastases in melanoma patients

ORCID Icon, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 1443-1453 | Received 30 Nov 2020, Accepted 04 Mar 2021, Published online: 28 Apr 2021

References

  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Jemal A: cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7–30.
  • Jr RC B, Croce CM, Hait WN, et al. Holland JF: holland-frei cancer medicine cloth. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2017.
  • Fife KM, Colman MH, Stevens GN, et al. Determinants of outcome in melanoma patients with cerebral metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(7):1293–1300.
  • Balch CM, Soong SJ, Murad TM, et al. Durant JR: a multifactorial analysis of melanoma. Iv. Prognostic factors in 200 melanoma patients with distant metastases (stage iii). J Clin Oncol. 1983;1(2):126–134.
  • Hellman S. Weichselbaum RR: oligometastases. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(1):8–10.
  • Loeffler JS, Kooy HM, Wen PY, et al. The treatment of recurrent brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(4):576–582.
  • Hong AM, Fogarty GB, Dolven-Jacobsen K, et al. Adjuvant whole-brain radiation therapy compared with observation after local treatment of melanoma brain metastases: a multicenter, randomized phase iii trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(33):3132–3141.
  • Wolf A, Kvint S, Chachoua A, et al. Kondziolka D: toward the complete control of brain metastases using surveillance screening and stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2018;128(1):23–31.
  • Redmond KJ, Gui C, Benedict S, et al. Tumor control probability of radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020.
  • Saranga-Perry V, Ambe C, Zager JS. Kudchadkar RR: recent developments in the medical and surgical treatment of melanoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64(3):171–185.
  • Sperduto PW, Mesko S, Li J, et al. Survival in patients with brain metastases: summary report on the updated diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment and definition of the eligibility quotient. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(32):3773-3784.
  • Goyal S, Silk AW, Tian S, et al. Kaufman HL: clinical management of multiple melanoma brain metastases: a systematic review. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(5):668–676.
  • Sperduto PW, Kased N, Roberge D, et al. Summary report on the graded prognostic assessment: an accurate and facile diagnosis-specific tool to estimate survival for patients with brain metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(4):419–425.
  • Bald T, Quast T, Landsberg J, et al. Ultraviolet-radiation-induced inflammation promotes angiotropism and metastasis in melanoma. Nature. 2014;507(7490):109–113.
  • Kienast Y, Von Baumgarten L, Fuhrmann M, et al. Winkler F: real-time imaging reveals the single steps of brain metastasis formation. Nat Med. 2010;16(1):116–122.
  • Kircher DA, Silvis MR, Cho JH. Holmen SL: melanoma brain metastasis: mechanisms, models, and medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(9):1468.
  • Cacho-Diaz B, Garcia-Botello DR, Wegman-Ostrosky T, et al. Herrera-Montalvo LA: tumor microenvironment differences between primary tumor and brain metastases. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):1.
  • Daneman R. Prat A: the blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7(1):a020412.
  • Fazakas C, Wilhelm I, Nagyőszi P, et al. Dung NTK: transmigration of melanoma cells through the blood-brain barrier: role of endothelial tight junctions and melanoma-released serine proteases. PloS One. 2011;6(6):e20758.
  • Marchetti D. Heparanase: a target for therapy of brain invasive tumors? Expert Rev Neurother. 2002;2(4):459–463.
  • Marchetti D, Li J. Shen R: astrocytes contribute to the brain-metastatic specificity of melanoma cells by producing heparanase. Cancer Res. 2000;60(17):4767–4770.
  • Klein A, Schwartz H, Sagi‐Assif O, et al. Couraud PO: astrocytes facilitate melanoma brain metastasis via secretion of il‐23. J Pathol. 2015;236(1):116–127.
  • Berghoff AS, Rajky O, Winkler F, et al. Preusser M: invasion patterns in brain metastases of solid cancers. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15(12):1664–1672.
  • Nygaard V, Prasmickaite L, Vasiliauskaite K, et al. Hovig E: melanoma brain colonization involves the emergence of a brain-adaptive phenotype. Oncoscience. 2014;1(1):82.
  • Li X, Karras P, Torres R, et al. Kos L: disseminated melanoma cells transdifferentiate into endothelial cells in intravascular niches at metastatic sites. Cell Rep. 2020;31(11):107765.
  • Prakash R, Izraely S, Thareja NS, et al. Machnicki M: regeneration enhances metastasis: a novel role for neurovascular signaling in promoting melanoma brain metastasis. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:297.
  • Fischer GM, Jalali A, Kircher DA, et al. Molecular profiling reveals unique immune and metabolic features of melanoma brain metastases. Cancer Discov. 2019;9(5):628–645.
  • Xie T-X, Huang F-J, Aldape KD, et al. Activation of stat3 in human melanoma promotes brain metastasis. Cancer Res. 2006;66(6):3188–3196.
  • Madhunapantula SV. Robertson GP: therapeutic implications of targeting akt signaling in melanoma. Enzyme Res. 2011;2011:327923. DOI:10.4061/2011/327923.
  • Cho JH, Robinson JP, Arave RA, et al. McMahon M: akt1 activation promotes development of melanoma metastases. Cell Rep. 2015;13(5):898–905.
  • Kircher DA, Trombetti KA, Silvis MR, et al. Duffy KL: akt1e17k activates focal adhesion kinase and promotes melanoma brain metastasis. Mol Cancer Res. 2019;17(9):1787–1800.
  • Wang L, Gao Y, Zhang G, et al. Enhancing kdm5a and tlr activity improves the response to immune checkpoint blockade. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12:560.
  • Amaral T, Niessner H, Sinnberg T, et al. Meier F: an open-label, single-arm, phase ii trial of buparlisib in patients with melanoma brain metastases not eligible for surgery or radiosurgery-the bumper study. Neurooncol Adv. 2020;2(1):vdaa140.
  • Klein A, Sagi-Assif O, Meshel T, et al. Hoon DS: ccr4 is a determinant of melanoma brain metastasis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(19):31079.
  • Izraely S, Klein A, Sagi-Assif O, et al. Witz IP: chemokine–chemokine receptor axes in melanoma brain metastasis. Immunol Lett. 2010;130(1–2):107–114.
  • Doron H, Amer M, Ershaid N, et al. Inflammatory activation of astrocytes facilitates melanoma brain tropism via the cxcl10-cxcr3 signaling axis. Cell Rep. 2019;28(7):1785–1798. e1786..
  • Boire A, Brastianos PK, Garzia L. Valiente M: brain metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20(1):4–11.
  • Hu X, Deng Q, Ma L, et al. Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):229–243.
  • Schackert G, Simmons RD, Buzbee TM, et al. Fidler IJ: macrophage infiltration into experimental brain metastases: occurrence through an intact blood-brain barrier. JNCI. 1988;80(13):1027–1034.
  • Berghoff AS, Fuchs E, Ricken G, et al. Density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes correlates with extent of brain edema and overall survival time in patients with brain metastases. Oncoimmunology. 2016;5(1):e1057388.
  • Song E, Mao T, Dong H, et al. Iwasaki A: vegf-c-driven lymphatic drainage enables immunosurveillance of brain tumours. Nature. 2020;577(7792):689–694.
  • Taggart D, Andreou T, Scott KJ, et al. Lorger M: anti–pd-1/anti–ctla-4 efficacy in melanoma brain metastases depends on extracranial disease and augmentation of cd8+ t cell trafficking. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2018;115(7):E1540–E1549.
  • Singh M, Vianden C, Cantwell MJ, et al. Hailemichael Y: intratumoral cd40 activation and checkpoint blockade induces t cell-mediated eradication of melanoma in the brain. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):1–10.
  • Tawbi HA, Boutros C, Kok D, et al. McArthur G: new era in the management of melanoma brain metastases. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2018;38:741–750.
  • Carella RJ, Gelber R, Hendrickson F, et al. Cooper JS: value of radiation therapy in the management of patients with cerebral metastases from malignant melanoma: radiation therapy oncology group brain metastases study i and ii. Cancer. 1980;45(4):679–683.
  • Fernandes GNC. Immunomodulatory drugs in melanoma brain metastases. Discoveries (Craiova). 2019;7(2):e93.
  • Tallet AV, Azria D, Barlesi F, et al. Metellus P: neurocognitive function impairment after whole brain radiotherapy for brain metastases: actual assessment. Radiat Oncol. 2012;7:77.
  • Laack NN. Brown PD: cognitive sequelae of brain radiation in adults. Semin Oncol. 2004;31(5):702–713.
  • Bauer-Nilsen K, Trifiletti DM, Chatrath A, et al. Sheehan JP: stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from malignant melanoma and the impact of hemorrhagic metastases. J Neurooncol. 2018;140(1):83–88.
  • Kaba SE, Kyritsis AP, Hess K, et al. Levin VA: tpdc-fuhu chemotherapy for the treatment of recurrent metastatic brain tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(3):1063–1070.
  • Avril MF, Aamdal S, Grob JJ, et al. Fotemustine compared with dacarbazine in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma: a phase iii study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(6):1118–1125.
  • Agarwala SS, Kirkwood JM, Gore M, et al. Rankin EM: temozolomide for the treatment of brain metastases associated with metastatic melanoma: a phase ii study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(11):2101–2107.
  • Siena S, Crino L, Danova M, et al. Bajetta E: dose-dense temozolomide regimen for the treatment of brain metastases from melanoma, breast cancer, or lung cancer not amenable to surgery or radiosurgery: a multicenter phase ii study. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(3):655–661.
  • Bafaloukos D, Gogas H, Georgoulias V, et al. Kosmidis P: temozolomide in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced melanoma: a phase ii study of the hellenic cooperative oncology group. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(2):420–425.
  • Krown SE, Niedzwiecki D, Hwu WJ, et al. Haluska FG: phase ii study of temozolomide and thalidomide in patients with metastatic melanoma in the brain: high rate of thromboembolic events (calgb 500102). Cancer. 2006;107(8):1883–1890.
  • Papadopoulos NE, Hwu W, Cain S, et al. Hwu P: phase i trial of temozolomide, thalidimide, and lomustine in patients with metastatic melanoma in the brain. J clin oncol. 2011;29(15_suppl):8571.
  • Richards JM, Gale D, Mehta N. Lestingi T: combination of chemotherapy with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(2):651–657.
  • Long GV, Trefzer U, Davies MA, et al. Dabrafenib in patients with val600glu or val600lys braf-mutant melanoma metastatic to the brain (break-mb): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(11):1087–1095.
  • McArthur GA, Maio M, Arance A, et al. Vemurafenib in metastatic melanoma patients with brain metastases: an open-label, single-arm, phase 2, multicentre study. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(3):634–641.
  • Dummer R, Goldinger SM, Turtschi CP, et al. Rinderknecht JD: vemurafenib in patients with braf(v600) mutation-positive melanoma with symptomatic brain metastases: final results of an open-label pilot study. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(3):611–621.
  • Queirolo P, Spagnolo F, Picasso V, et al. Combined vemurafenib and fotemustine in patients with braf v600 melanoma progressing on vemurafenib. Oncotarget. 2018;9(15):12408–12417.
  • Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, et al. Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(1):30–39.
  • Davies MA, Saiag P, Robert C, et al. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with braf(v600)-mutant melanoma brain metastases (combi-mb): a multicentre, multicohort, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(7):863–873.
  • Amaravadi RK, Schuchter LM, McDermott DF, et al. Phase ii trial of temozolomide and sorafenib in advanced melanoma patients with or without brain metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(24):7711–7718.
  • Vihinen PP, Hernberg M, Vuoristo MS, et al. Pyrhönen S: a phase ii trial of bevacizumab with dacarbazine and daily low-dose interferon-alpha2a as first line treatment in metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2010;20(4):318–325.
  • Villanueva J, Vultur A, Lee JT, et al. Acquired resistance to braf inhibitors mediated by a raf kinase switch in melanoma can be overcome by cotargeting mek and igf-1r/pi3k. Cancer Cell. 2010;18(6):683–695.
  • Margolin K, Ernstoff MS, Hamid O, et al. Ipilimumab in patients with melanoma and brain metastases: an open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(5):459–465.
  • Ascierto PA, Del Vecchio M, Robert C, et al. Ipilimumab 10 mg/kg versus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(5):611–622.
  • Ascierto PA, Del Vecchio M, Mackiewicz A, et al. Overall survival at 5 years of follow-up in a phase iii trial comparing ipilimumab 10 mg/kg with 3 mg/kg in patients with advanced melanoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8:1.
  • Goldberg SB, Gettinger SN, Mahajan A, et al. Pembrolizumab for patients with melanoma or non-small-cell lung cancer and untreated brain metastases: early analysis of a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(7):976–983.
  • Kluger HM, Chiang V, Mahajan A, et al. Long-term survival of patients with melanoma with active brain metastases treated with pembrolizumab on a phase ii trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(1):52–60.
  • Di Giacomo AM, Ascierto PA, Pilla L, et al. Ipilimumab and fotemustine in patients with advanced melanoma (nibit-m1): an open-label, single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(9):879–886.
  • Di Giacomo AM, Ascierto PA, Queirolo P, et al. Three-year follow-up of advanced melanoma patients who received ipilimumab plus fotemustine in the italian network for tumor biotherapy (nibit)-m1 phase ii study. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(4):798–803.
  • Wolchok JD, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Overall survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1345–1356.
  • Long GV, Atkinson V, Lo S, et al. Combination nivolumab and ipilimumab or nivolumab alone in melanoma brain metastases: a multicentre randomised phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(5):672–681.
  • Di Giacomo AM, Chiarion Sileni V, Del Vecchio M, et al. Efficacy of ipilimumab plus nivolumab or ipilimumab plus fotemustine vs fotemustine in patients with melanoma metastatic to the brain: primary analysis of the phase iii nibit-m2 trial. ESMO Virtual Congress 2020; 2020.
  • Ben-Shaanan TL, Schiller M, Azulay-Debby H, et al. Rolls A: modulation of anti-tumor immunity by the brain’s reward system. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):2723.
  • Yu J, Xie M, Ge S, et al. Ruan J: hierarchical clustering of cutaneous melanoma based on immunogenomic profiling. Front Oncol. 2020;10:580029.
  • Ahmed KA, Abuodeh YA, Echevarria MI, et al. Clinical outcomes of melanoma brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery and anti-pd-1 therapy, anti-ctla-4 therapy, braf/mek inhibitors, braf inhibitor, or conventional chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(12):2288–2294.
  • Mortier L, Jamme P, Lacour JP, et al. Ipilimumab combined with stereotactic radiosurgery in melanoma patients with brain metastases: a multicenter, open label, phase 2 trial. J clin oncol. 2018;36(15_suppl):9520.
  • Martin AM, Cagney DN, Catalano PJ, et al. Aizer AA: immunotherapy and symptomatic radiation necrosis in patients with brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiation. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(8):1123–1124.
  • Galli G, Cavalieri S, Di Guardo L, et al. Combination of immunotherapy and brain radiotherapy in metastatic melanoma: a retrospective analysis. Oncol Res Treat. 2019;42(4):182–189.
  • Weaver BD, Goodman JR. Jensen R: concurrent radiosurgery and systemic therapies for melanoma brain metastases: a systematic review. Cureus. 2019;11(11):e6147–e6147.
  • Sloot S, Chen YA, Zhao X, et al. Improved survival of patients with melanoma brain metastases in the era of targeted braf and immune checkpoint therapies. Cancer. 2018;124(2):297–305.
  • Soffietti R, Ahluwalia M, Lin N. Ruda R: management of brain metastases according to molecular subtypes. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(10):557–574.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.