Pharmacological strategies for sexual recovery in men undergoing antipsychotic treatment

References

• Yang Z, Lee SH, Abdul Rashid NA, et al. Predicting real-world functioning in schizophrenia: the relative contributions of neurocognition, functional capacity, and negative symptoms. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:639536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galderisi S, Rucci P, Mucci A, et al. The interplay among psychopathology, personal resources, context-related factors and real-life functioning in schizophrenia: stability in relationships after 4 years and differences in network structure between recovered and non-recovered patients. World Psychiatry. 2020 Feb;19(1):81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin H, Zhang J, Wang Z, et al. Duration of untreated psychosis and clinical outcomes of first-episode schizophrenia: a 4-year follow-up study. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;26(1):42–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glick ID, Davis JM, Zamora D, et al. Should antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia be given for a lifetime?: a naturalistic, long-term follow-up study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;37(2):125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaar SJ, Natesan S, McCutcheon R, et al. Antipsychotics: mechanisms underlying clinical response and side-effects and novel treatment approaches based on pathophysiology. Neuropharmacology. 2020 Aug 1;172:107704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailman RB, Murthy V. Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(5):488–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariano A, Di Lorenzo G, Jannini TB, et al. Medical comorbidities in 181 patients with bipolar disorder vs. schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders: findings from a single-center, retrospective study from an acute inpatients psychiatric unit. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:702789.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brogna P, Colasuonno R, Di Michele F, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a severe medical case. Riv Psichiatr. 2020 Jul-Aug;55(4):236–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solmi M, Murru A, Pacchiarotti I, et al. Safety, tolerability, and risks associated with first- and second-generation antipsychotics: a state-of-the-art clinical review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:757–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelatti SI, Ismail RM, Hamed RA. Sexual dysfunctions in a sample of male psychiatric patients compared to medically ill patients. Middle East Current Psychiatry. 2020 April 17;27(1):12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-00022-3
   Google Scholar
• Fanta T, Haile K, Abebaw D, et al. Assessment of sexual dysfunction and associated factors among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia, 2017. BMC Psychiatry. [2018 May 29];18(1):158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macdonald S, Halliday J, Mac ET, et al. Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 24: sexual dysfunction. Case-control study. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182:50–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin D, Mayers A. Sexual side-effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Adv Psychiatric Treat. 2003;9(3):202–210. .
   Google Scholar
• Lukoff D, Gioia-Hasick D, Sullivan G, et al. Sex education and rehabilitation with schizophrenic male outpatients. Schizophr Bull. 1986;12(4):669–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montejo AL, Majadas S, Rico-Villademoros F, et al. Frequency of sexual dysfunction in patients with a psychotic disorder receiving antipsychotics. J Sex Med. 2010 Oct;7(10):3404–3413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciocca G, Jannini TB, Ribolsi M, et al. Sexuality in ultra-high risk for psychosis and first-episode psychosis. A systematic review of literature [Review]. Front Psychiatry. 2021October27;12(1863). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34777053/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serretti A, Chiesa A. A meta-analysis of sexual dysfunction in psychiatric patients taking antipsychotics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 May;26(3):130–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urry K, Chur-Hansen A. Who decides when people can have sex? Australian mental health clinicians’ perceptions of sexuality and autonomy. J Health Psychol. 2020 Nov-Dec;25(13–14):2188–2199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes E, Edmondson AJ, Onyekwe I, et al. Identifying and addressing sexual health in serious mental illness: views of mental health staff working in two National Health Service organizations in England. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2018 Jun;27(3):966–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone P, Amore M, Cabassi A, et al. Attitudes of Italian psychiatrists toward the evaluation of physical comorbidities and sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Implications for clinical practice. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:842.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jannini EA. SM = SM: the interface of systems medicine and sexual medicine for facing non-communicable diseases in a gender-dependent manner. Sex Med Rev. 2017 Jul;5(3):349–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maseroli E, Fanni E, Cipriani S, et al. Cardiometabolic risk and female sexuality: focus on clitoral vascular resistance. J Sex Med. 2016 Nov;13(11):1651–1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ucok A, Incesu C, Aker T, et al. Do psychiatrists examine sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia patients? J Sex Med. 2008 Aug;5(8):2000–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn SE, Bailey JM, Schultz RT, et al. Subjective utility ratings of neuroleptics in treating schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1990 Nov;20(4):843–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YW, Kim Y, Lee JH. Antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction and its management. World J Mens Health. 2012 Dec;30(3):153–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia S, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa M, Lopez-Zurbano S, et al. Adherence to antipsychotic medication in bipolar disorder and schizophrenic patients: a systematic review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Aug;36(4):355–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Just MJ. The influence of atypical antipsychotic drugs on sexual function. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1655–1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knegtering H, van der Moolen AEGM, Castelein S, et al. What are the effects of antipsychotics on sexual dysfunctions and endocrine functioning? Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 [2003/March/01];28:109–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Snyder GL, Vanover KE. Dopamine targeting drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia: past, present and future. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(29):3385–3403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade C. Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications. Mens Sana Monogr. 2010 Jan-Dec;8(1):146–150.
   Google Scholar
• La Torre A, Conca A, Duffy D, et al. Sexual dysfunction related to psychotropic drugs: a critical review part II: antipsychotics. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2013 Sep;46(6):201–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichinose T, Tanimoto H, Yamagata N. Behavioral modulation by spontaneous activity of dopamine neurons. Front Syst Neurosci. 2017;11:88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabro RS, Cacciola A, Bruschetta D, et al. Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: a neglected or unknown issue? Brain Behav. 2019 Dec;9(12):e01389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis RG, Florio E, Punzo D, et al. The Brain’s reward system in health and disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1344:57–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull EM, Muschamp JW, Sato S. Dopamine and serotonin: influences on male sexual behavior. Physiol Behav. 2004 Nov 15;83(2):291–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melis MR, Argiolas A. Dopamine and sexual behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1995;19(1):19–38. Spring.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen U, Comerma-Steffensen S, Andersson KE. Modulation of dopaminergic pathways to treat erectile dysfunction. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016 Oct;119(3):63–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkins RB, Groh RH. Mental symptoms in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa. Lancet. 1970 Jul 25;2(7665):177–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stahl SM. Dopamine system stabilizers, aripiprazole, and the next generation of antipsychotics, part 1, “Goldilocks” actions at dopamine receptors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;62(11):841–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanssens L, L’Italien G, Loze JY, et al. The effect of antipsychotic medication on sexual function and serum prolactin levels in community-treated schizophrenic patients: results from the Schizophrenia Trial of Aripiprazole (STAR) study (NCT00237913). BMC Psychiatry. 2008 Dec 22;8:95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bartolomeis A, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F. Update on the mechanism of action of aripiprazole: translational insights into antipsychotic strategies beyond dopamine receptor antagonism. CNS Drugs. 2015 Sep;29(9):773–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioi J, Iwamoto K, Banno M, et al. Effect of adjunctive aripiprazole on sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia: a preliminary open-label study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2017 Mar;50(2):74–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona G, Mannucci E, Jannini EA, et al. Hypoprolactinemia: a new clinical syndrome in patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2009 May;6(5):1457–1466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macotela Y, Triebel J, Clapp C. Time for a new perspective on prolactin in metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Apr;31(4):276–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Vicchi F, De Winne C, Brie B, et al. Metabolic functions of prolactin: physiological and pathological aspects. J Neuroendocrinol. 2020 Nov;32(11):e12888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karayazi Atici O, Govindrajan N, Lopetegui-Gonzalez I, et al. Prolactin: a hormone with diverse functions from mammary gland development to cancer metastasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021;114:159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gragnoli C, Reeves GM, Reazer J, et al. Dopamine-prolactin pathway potentially contributes to the schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes comorbidity. Transl Psychiatry. 2016 Apr 19;6:e785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson IM. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jan 21;306(3):145–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, et al. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev. 2000;80(4):1523–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 14. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Inc; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Kordon C, Blake CA, Terkel J, et al. Participation of serotonin-containing neurons in the suckling-induced rise in plasma prolactin levels in lactating rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1973;13(4):213–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathiasen JR, Arbogast LA, Voogt JL. Central administration of serotonin decreases tyrosine hydroxylase catalytic activity and messenger ribonucleic Acid signal levels in the hypothalamus of female rats. J Neuroendocrinol. 1992 Oct;4(5):631–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone A, Romanelli F, Gianfrilli D, et al. Endocrine evaluation of erectile dysfunction. Endocrine. 2014 [2014/August/01];46(3):423–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carosa E, Sansone A, Jannini EA. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: female sexual dysfunction for the endocrinologist. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Jun;182(6):R101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeilly AS. Prolactin and the control of gonadotrophin secretion in the female. J Reprod Fertil. 1980 Mar;58(2):537–549.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barber TM, Kyrou I, Kaltsas G, et al. Mechanisms of central hypogonadism. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 30;22:(15)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spergel DJ. Modulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron activity and secretion in mice by non-peptide neurotransmitters, gasotransmitters, and gliotransmitters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson HL, Townsend J, Tortonese DJ. Direct effects of prolactin and dopamine on the gonadotroph response to GnRH. J Endocrinol. 2008 May;197(2):343–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckles SP, Miller VM. Hormonal modulation of endothelial NO production. Pflugers Arch. 2010 May;459(6):841–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinari C, Grossini E, Mary DA, et al. Prolactin induces regional vasoconstriction through the beta2-adrenergic and nitric oxide mechanisms. Endocrinology. 2007 Aug;148(8):4080–4090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oca P M, Macotela Y, Nava G, et al. Prolactin stimulates integrin-mediated adhesion of circulating mononuclear cells to endothelial cells. Lab Invest. 2005 [2005/May/01];85(5):633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galdiero M, Pivonello R, Grasso LF, et al. Growth hormone, prolactin, and sexuality. J Endocrinol Invest. 2012 Sep;35(8):782–794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montejo AL, de Alarcon R, Prieto N, et al. Management strategies for antipsychotic-related sexual dysfunction: a clinical approach. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 15;10:(2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing L, Kim DD, Procyshyn RM, et al. Management of sexual adverse effects induced by atypical antipsychotic medication. J Psychiatry Neurosci. [2019 Jul 1];44(4):287–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroup TS, Gray N. Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. World Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;17(3):341–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger TH, Haake P, Haverkamp J, et al. Effects of acute prolactin manipulation on sexual drive and function in males. J Endocrinol. 2003 Dec;179(3):357–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beccuti G, Guaraldi F, Natta G, et al. Increased prevalence of impulse control disorder symptoms in endocrine diseases treated with dopamine agonists: a cross-sectional study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021 Aug;44(8):1699–1706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore TJ, Glenmullen J, Mattison DR. Reports of pathological gambling, hypersexuality, and compulsive shopping associated with dopamine receptor agonist drugs. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Dec;174(12):1930–1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• During SW, Nielsen MO, Bak N, et al. Sexual dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenia before and after six weeks of D2/3 receptor blockade - An exploratory study. Psychiatry Res. 2019;274:58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montejo AL, Montejo L, Navarro-Cremades F. Sexual side-effects of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2015 Nov;28(6):418–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer MK, Castelein S, Wiersma D, et al. The facts about sexual (Dys)function in schizophrenia: an overview of clinically relevant findings. Schizophr Bull. 2015 May;41(3):674–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roughley M, Lyall M. Retrograde ejaculation associated with quetiapine and treatment with low-dose imipramine. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Aug 4. 12(8)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toscano M, Vigano A, Jannini TB, et al. Intensity-Dependence of Auditory Evoked Potentials (IDAP) as a neurophysiological parameter to predict anti-aggressive responsiveness to SSRI treatment. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:716338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toscano M, Vigano A, Puledda F, et al. Serotonergic correlation with anger and aggressive behavior in acute stroke patients: an intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials (IDAP) study. Eur Neurol. 2014;72(3–4):186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osis L, Bishop JR. Pharmacogenetics of SSRIs and Sexual Dysfunction. Pharmaceuticals. 2010;3(12):3614–3628.
   Google Scholar
• Jannini TB, Di Lorenzo G, Bianciardi E, et al. Off-label uses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Curr Neuropharmacol. 2022;20(4).
   Google Scholar
• Sood S, James W, Bailon MJ. Priapism associated with atypical antipsychotic medications: a review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jan;23(1):9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fazio P, Gaetano R, Caroleo M, et al. Rare and very rare adverse effects of clozapine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1995–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinkeviciute I, Kroken RA, Johnsen E. Priapism in antipsychotic drug use: a rare but important side effect. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2012;2012:496364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prabhuswamy M, Srinath S, Girimaji S, et al. Risperidone-induced priapism in a 12-year-old boy with schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007 Aug;17(4):539–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson JF, Rees RW, Steinbrecher HA. Priapism in children: a comprehensive review and clinical guideline. J Pediatr Urol. 2014 Feb;10(1):11–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucur M, Mahmood T. Olanzapine-induced clitoral priapism. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Oct;24(5):572–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondillo C, Varela ML, Abiuso AMB, et al. Potential negative effects of anti-histamines on male reproductive function. Reproduction. 2018 May;155(5):R221–R227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White JM, Rumbold GR. Behavioural effects of histamine and its antagonists: a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1988 [1988/May/01];95(1):1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Cannarella R, et al. Sport, doping and female fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. [2018 Nov 19];16(1):108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mollaioli D, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, et al. Lifestyles and sexuality in men and women: the gender perspective in sexual medicine. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. [2020 Feb 17];18(1):10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone A, Sansone M, Vaamonde D, et al. Sport, doping and male fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. [2018 Nov 12];16(1):114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sansone A, Mollaioli D, Ciocca G, et al. Sexual dysfunction in men and women with diabetes: a mirror of their complications? Curr Diabetes Rev. 2022;18(1):e030821192147. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399817666210309104740 .
   Google Scholar
• Corona G, Rastrelli G, Morelli A, et al. Treatment of functional hypogonadism besides pharmacological substitution. World J Mens Health. 2020 Jul;38(3):256–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morelli A, Filippi S, Comeglio P, et al. Physical activity counteracts metabolic syndrome-induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction in the rabbit. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. [2019 Mar 1];316(3):E519–E535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth J, Solmi M, Wootton RE, et al. A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;19(3):360–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffner JL, Strawn JR, DelBello MP, et al. The co-occurrence of cigarette smoking and bipolar disorder: phenomenology and treatment considerations. Bipolar Disord. 2011 Aug-Sep;13(5–6):439–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidey JW, Miller ME. Smoking cessation and reduction in people with chronic mental illness. BMJ. 2015 Sep 21;351:h4065.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ziedonis D, Hitsman B, Beckham JC, et al. Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: national Institute of mental health report. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Dec;10(12):1691–1715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiscock R, Bauld L, Amos A, et al. Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1248:107–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J, See YM, Subramaniam M, et al. Investigation of cigarette smoking among male schizophrenia patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoptman MJ. Impulsivity and aggression in schizophrenia: a neural circuitry perspective with implications for treatment. CNS Spectr. 2015 Jun;20(3):280–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter A, Murray R, Asher L, et al. The effects of tobacco smoking, and prenatal tobacco smoke exposure, on risk of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. [2020 Jan 27];22(1):3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurillo P, Jauhar S, Murray RM, et al. Does tobacco use cause psychosis? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;2(8):718–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng L-N, Zong -Q-Q, Zhang L, et al. Worldwide prevalence of smoking cessation in schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis of comparative and observational studies. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Dec;54:102190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornett EM, Novitch M, Kaye AD, et al. Medication-induced tardive dyskinesia: a review and update. Ochsner J. 2017;17(2):162–174. Summer.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancampfort D, Knapen J, Probst M, et al. A systematic review of correlates of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 May;125(5):352–362. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01814.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Cheng W, Shang H, et al. The interplay between androgen and gut microbiota: is there a microbiota-gut-testis axis. Reprod Sci. 2021 May 26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Qi T, Huang Z-S, et al. Relationship between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetic erectile dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017 Aug;37(4):523–530. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-017-1767-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okamoto T, Hatakeyama S, Imai A, et al. The association between gut microbiome and erectile dysfunction: a community-based cross-sectional study in Japan. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020 Aug;52(8):1421–1428. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02443-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirandaz H, Ebrahim-Habibi MB, Moradveisi B, et al. Microbiota potential for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Med Hypotheses. 2018;115:46–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: implications for psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012 Sep;37(9):1369–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CD. The Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Obesity. Nutr Today. 2016 Jul-Aug;51(4):167–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collden H, Landin A, Wallenius V, et al. The gut microbiota is a major regulator of androgen metabolism in intestinal contents. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. [2019 Dec 1];317(6):E1182–E1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insenser M, Murri M, Del Campo R, et al. Gut Microbiota and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: influence of Sex, Sex Hormones, and Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. [2018 Jul 1];103(7):2552–2562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R, Zhang C, Shi Y, et al. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota associated with clinical parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres PJ, Siakowska M, Banaszewska B, et al. Gut microbial diversity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome correlates with hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. [2018 Apr 1];103(4):1502–1511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li G, Li W, Song B, et al. Differences in the gut microbiome of women with and without hypoactive sexual desire disorder: case control study. J Med Internet Res. [2021 Feb 25];23(2):e25342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildgust HJ, Beary M. Are there modifiable risk factors which will reduce the excess mortality in schizophrenia? J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Nov;24(4 Suppl):37–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Girdler SJ, Confino JE, Woesner ME. Exercise as a Treatment for Schizophrenia: a Review. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2019 Feb 15;49(1):56–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams JM, Foulds J. Successful tobacco dependence treatment in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;164(2):222–7; quiz 373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone A, Limoncin E, Colonnello E, et al. Harm reduction in sexual medicine. Sex Med Rev. 2021; 10:3–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corona G, Sansone A, Pallotti F, et al. People smoke for nicotine, but lose sexual and reproductive health for tar: a narrative review on the effect of cigarette smoking on male sexuality and reproduction. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020 Oct;43(10):1391–1408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neil A, Jacka FN, Quirk SE, et al. A shared framework for the common mental disorders and non-communicable disease: key considerations for disease prevention and control. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Feb 5;15:15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siafis S, Tzachanis D, Samara M, et al. Antipsychotic Drugs: from receptor-binding profiles to metabolic side effects. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(8):1210–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Strien AM, Keijsers CJ, Derijks HJ, et al. Rating scales to measure side effects of antipsychotic medication: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 Aug;29(8):857–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jannini TB, Rossi R, Sconci V, et al. Italian validation of Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) on patients suffering from psychotic spectrum disorders. Riv Psichiatr. 2022 Jan-Feb;57(1):18–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi T, Iwamoto K, Sasada K, et al. Reliability and validity of a new sexual function questionnaire (Nagoya Sexual Function Questionnaire) for schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotics. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011 Jun-Jul;26(4–5):300–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer MK, Castelein S, Bous J, et al. The Antipsychotics and Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (ASFQ): preliminary evidence for reliability and validity. Schizophr Res. 2013 Nov;150(2–3):410–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montejo AL, Rico-Villademoros F. Psychometric properties of the psychotropic-related sexual dysfunction questionnaire (PRSexDQ-SALSEX) in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. J Sex Marital Ther. 2008;34(3):227–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correll CU. Acute and Long-Term Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics. CNS Spectr. 2007;12(S21):10–14. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haddad PM, Wieck A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs. 2004;64(20):2291–2314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dossenbach M, Dyachkova Y, Pirildar S, et al. Effects of atypical and typical antipsychotic treatments on sexual function in patients with schizophrenia: 12-month results from the Intercontinental Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (IC-SOHO) study. Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;21(4):251–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Ding F, Chawarski MC, et al. Randomized controlled trial of paliperidone extended release versus risperidone for the treatment of methamphetamine-associated psychosis in Chinese patients. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwaerts J, Cleton A, Rossenu S, et al. A comparison of serum prolactin concentrations after administration of paliperidone extended-release and risperidone tablets in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Jul;24(7):1011–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasaki M, Yasui-Furukori N, Yokoyama S, et al. Hypoprolactinemia and hyperprolactinemia in male schizophrenia patients treated with aripiprazole and risperidone and their relationships with testosterone levels. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2021 Sep;41(3):379–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson CK, Johnson T, Jansen K. Risperidone-induced hypersexuality. Br J Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;203(3):233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja M. Risperidone-induced absence of ejaculation. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Sep;14(5):317–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanmugasundaram N, Nivedhya J, Karthik MS, et al. Risperidone-induced retrograde ejaculation and lurasidone may be the alternative. Ind Psychiatry J. 2019 Jan-Jun;28(1):152–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta S, Lakshmanan DAM, Khastgir U, et al. Management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia. BJPsych Advances. 2017;23(4): 278–286
   Google Scholar
• Wiesel FA, Alfredsson G, Ehrnebo M, et al. Prolactin response following intravenous and oral sulpiride in healthy human subjects in relation to sulpiride concentrations. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1982;76(1):44–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuchay MS, Mithal A. Levosulpiride and serum prolactin levels. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Mar-Apr;21(2):355–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Movin-Osswald G, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Remoxipride: pharmacokinetics and effect on plasma prolactin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991 Sep;32(3):355–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greil W, Auberger S, Haag H, et al. Tiapride: effects on tardive dyskinesia and on prolactin plasma concentrations. Neuropsychobiology. 1985;14(1):17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natesan S, Reckless GE, Barlow KB, et al. Amisulpride the ‘atypical’ atypical antipsychotic–comparison to haloperidol, risperidone and clozapine. Schizophr Res. 2008 Oct;105(1–3):224–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicol GE, Yingling MD, Flavin KS, et al. Metabolic effects of antipsychotics on adiposity and insulin sensitivity in youths: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. [2018 Aug 1];75(8):788–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu TH, Lin CH, Goh KK, et al. The relationships between hyperprolactinemia, metabolic disturbance, and sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia under olanzapine treatment. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:718800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Songer DA, Barclay JC. Olanzapine-induced priapism. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Dec;158(12):2087–2088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yektas C, Tufan AE. Spontaneous ejaculations in an adolescent with olanzapine use: case report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016 May-Jun;39(3):157–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebhinani N, Grover S, Avasthi A. Sexual dysfunction in male subjects receiving trifluoperazine, risperidone, or olanzapine: rates vary with assessment questionnaire. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2012;14(2).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim KS, Pae CU, Chae JH, et al. Effects of olanzapine on prolactin levels of female patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 May;63(5):408–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobes J, Garc APMP, Rejas J, et al. Frequency of sexual dysfunction and other reproductive side-effects in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, or haloperidol: the results of the EIRE study. J Sex Marital Ther. 2003 Mar-Apr;29(2):125–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remington G, Lee J, Agid O, et al. Clozapine’s critical role in treatment resistant schizophrenia: ensuring both safety and use. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016 Sep;15(9):1193–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizenberg D, Modai I, Landa A, et al. Comparison of sexual dysfunction in male schizophrenic patients maintained on treatment with classical antipsychotics versus clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;62(7):541–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummer M, Kemmler G, Kurz M, et al. Sexual disturbances during clozapine and haloperidol treatment for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;156(4):631–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen B, Brar JS, Vagnucci AH, et al. Frequency of sexual dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia on haloperidol, clozapine or risperidone. Schizophr Res. [2001 Mar 1];48(1):155–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byerly MJ, Nakonezny PA, Bettcher BM, et al. Sexual dysfunction associated with second-generation antipsychotics in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: an empirical evaluation of olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine. Schizophr Res. 2006 Sep;86(1–3):244–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly DL, Conley RR. A randomized double-blind 12-week study of quetiapine, risperidone or fluphenazine on sexual functioning in people with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006 Apr;31(3):340–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakonezny PA, Byerly MJ, Rush AJ. The relationship between serum prolactin level and sexual functioning among male outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a randomized double-blind trial of risperidone vs. quetiapine. J Sex Marital Ther. 2007 May-Jun;33(3):203–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westheide J, Cvetanovska G, Albrecht C, et al. Prolactin, subjective well-being and sexual dysfunction: an open label observational study comparing quetiapine with risperidone. J Sex Med. 2008 Dec;5(12):2816–2826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montejo AL, Rico-Villademoros F, Spanish Working Group for the Study of Psychotropic-Related Sexual D. Changes in sexual function for outpatients with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders treated with ziprasidone in clinical practice settings: a 3-month prospective, observational study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Oct; 28(5):568–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton AH, Tsai J, Mao Y, et al. Effect of lurasidone on sexual function in major depressive disorder patients with subthreshold hypomanic symptoms (Mixed features): results from a placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018 Aug 7;79:(5)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besag FMC, Vasey MJ, Salim I. Is adjunct aripiprazole effective in treating hyperprolactinemia induced by psychotropic medication? a narrative review. CNS Drugs. 2021 May;35(5):507–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumontaud M, Korchia T, Khouani J, et al. Sexual dysfunctions in schizophrenia: beyond antipsychotics. A systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2020 Mar 2;98:109804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frampton JE. Brexpiprazole: a Review in Schizophrenia. Drugs. 2019 Feb;79(2):189–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivkovic J, Lindsten A, George V, et al. Effect of Brexpiprazole on Prolactin: an Analysis of Short- and Long-Term Studies in Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 January/February;39(1):13–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton AH, Ivkovic J, Chen D, et al. Effect of brexpiprazole on prolactin and sexual functioning: an analysis of short- and long-term study data in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020 November/December;40(6):560–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keks N, Hope J, Schwartz D, et al. Comparative Tolerability of Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Partial Agonists for Schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2020 [2020/May/01];34(5):473–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barabassy A, Sebe B, Acsai K, et al. Safety and tolerability of cariprazine in patients with schizophrenia: a pooled analysis of eight phase II/III studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:957–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieci M, Trama A, Mansi G. Resolution of citalopram sexual adverse effects with low dose of cariprazine: a case report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2020 September/October;43(5):164–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koblan KS, Kent J, Hopkins SC, et al. A Non-D2-receptor-binding drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. [2020 Apr 16];382(16):1497–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii A, Yasui-Furukori N, Sugawara N, et al. Sexual dysfunction in Japanese patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [2010 Mar 17];34(2):288–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu-Seifert H, Kinon BJ, Tennant CJ, et al. Sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia treated with conventional antipsychotics or risperidone. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford MJ, Thana L, Evans R, et al. Switching antipsychotic medication to reduce sexual dysfunction in people with psychosis: the REMEDY RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2020 Sep;24(44):1–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer MK, Wiersma D, Bous J, et al. A randomized open-label comparison of the impact of aripiprazole versus risperidone on sexual functioning (RAS study). J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Aug;31(4):523–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong HG, Lee MS, Lee HY, et al. Changes in sexual function and gonadal axis hormones after switching to aripiprazole in male schizophrenia patients: a prospective pilot study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;27(4):177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potkin SG, Loze JY, Forray C, et al. Reduced sexual dysfunction with aripiprazole once-monthly versus paliperidone palmitate: results from QUALIFY. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32(3):147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon HW, Lee JS, Park SJ, et al. Comparing the effectiveness and safety of the addition of and switching to aripiprazole for resolving antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a multicenter, open-label, prospective study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016 November/December;39(6):288–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinon BJ, Ahl J, Liu-Seifert H, et al. Improvement in hyperprolactinemia and reproductive comorbidities in patients with schizophrenia switched from conventional antipsychotics or risperidone to olanzapine. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006 Jun;31(5):577–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai S-J, Hong C-J. Letter to the editor. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2000 [2000/September/01];22(5):391–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossi A, Vita A, Tiradritti P, et al. Assessment of clinical and metabolic status, and subjective well-being, in schizophrenic patients switched from typical and atypical antipsychotics to ziprasidone. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;23(4):216–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jannini EA, DeRogatis LR, Chung E, et al. How to evaluate the efficacy of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. J Sex Med. 2012 Jan;9(1):26–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E. Sildenafil use in patients with olanzapine-induced erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2002 [2002/December/01];14(6):547–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviv A, Shelef A, Weizman A. An open-label trial of sildenafil addition in risperidone-treated male schizophrenia patients with erectile dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;65(1):97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalakrishnan R, Jacob KS, Kuruvilla A, et al. Sildenafil in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose, two-way crossover trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;163(3):494–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer MK, Oolders JM, van den Heuvel ER, et al. Efficacy of tadalafil on erectile dysfunction in male patients using antipsychotics: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014 Jun;34(3):380–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsonis CI, Mitropoulos PA, Dimopoulos NP, et al. Vardenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia: a flexible-dose, open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;69(2):206–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HS, Song DH, Kim JH, et al. Cyproheptadine augmentation of haloperidol in chronic schizophrenic patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995 Jun;10(2):67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes LV, Moreira HC, Razzouk D, et al. Strategies for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction and/or hyperprolactinemia among patients of the schizophrenia spectrum: a review. J Sex Marital Ther. 2012;38(3):281–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muneer A, Minhas S, Arya M, et al. Stuttering priapism–a review of the therapeutic options. Int J Clin Pract. 2008 Aug;62(8):1265–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugarski-Kirola D, Arango C, Fava M, et al. Pimavanserin for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: results from the ADVANCE phase 2 randomised, placebo-controlled trial in North America and Europe. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Jan;9(1):46–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J, Isaacson S, Mills R, et al. Pimavanserin for patients with Parkinson’s disease psychosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. [2014 Feb 8];383(9916):533–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman MP, Fava M, Dirks B, et al. Improvement of sexual functioning during treatment of MDD with adjunctive pimavanserin: a secondary analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2020 May;37(5):485–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkavoura CS, Michopoulos I, Arvanitakis P, et al. Effects of cabergoline on hyperprolactinemia, psychopathology, and sexual functioning in schizophrenic patients. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Aug;21(4):332–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa AM, Lima MS, Mari Jde J. A systematic review on clinical management of antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia. Sao Paulo Med J. 2006 Sep 7;124(5):291–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krzystanek M, Warchala A, Tredzbor B, et al. Amantadine in the treatment of sexual inactivity in schizophrenia patients taking atypical antipsychotics-the pilot case series study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Sep 22;14:(10)
   Google Scholar
• Clayton AH, Alkis AR, Parikh NB, et al. Sexual dysfunction due to psychotropic medications. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):427–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B, et al. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet. 2017 [2017/March/04];389(10072):941–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimbi FM, Galizia R, Rossi R, et al. The biopsychosocial model and the sex-positive approach: an integrative perspective for sexology and general health care. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 2021;
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciocca G, Pelligrini F, Mollaioli D, et al. Hypersexual behavior and attachment styles in a non-clinical sample: the mediation role of depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2021 Oct 1;293:399–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souaiby L, Kazour F, Zoghbi M, et al. Sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder and its association with adherence to antipsychotic medication. J Ment Health. 2020 Dec;29(6):623–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jannini EA, Siracusano A. Introduction: the need of sexual medicine in contemporary psychiatry and the need of psychiatry in the growing field of sexual medicine. sexual dysfunctions in mentally Ill patients. Trends in Andrology and Sexual Medicine. 2018: 1–4
   Google Scholar
• Montejo AL. Prolactin awareness: an essential consideration for physical health in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 May;18(2):S108–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuderti G, Mastroianni R, Flammia S, et al. Sex-sparing robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal Padua ileal neobladder in female: surgical technique, perioperative, oncologic and functional outcomes. J Clin Med. 2020 Feb 20;9:(2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knegtering H, van den Bosch R, Castelein S, et al. Are sexual side effects of prolactin-raising antipsychotics reducible to serum prolactin? Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Jul;33(6):711–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro ELA, de Mendonca Lima T, Vieira MEB, et al. Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole for the treatment of schizophrenia: an overview of systematic reviews. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;74(10):1215–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda K, Sugino H, Akazawa H, et al. Brexpiprazole I: in vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel serotonin-dopamine activity modulator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014 Sep;350(3):589–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe Y, Yamada S, Otsubo T, et al. Brexpiprazole for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults: an overview of its clinical efficacy and safety and a psychiatrist’s perspective. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:5559–5574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das S, Barnwal P, Winston AB, et al. Brexpiprazole: so far so good. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2016 Feb;6(1):39–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L. The ABC’s of dopamine receptor partial agonists - aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine: the 15-min challenge to sort these agents out. Int J Clin Pract. 2015 Nov;69(11):1211–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt HM, Hagen M, Kriston L, et al. Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;11:CD003546.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montejo AL, Arango C, Bernardo M, et al. Multidisciplinary consensus on the therapeutic recommendations for iatrogenic hyperprolactinemia secondary to antipsychotics. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;45:25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale H, Solmi M, Lähteenvuo M, et al. Antipsychotic use and risk of breast cancer in women with schizophrenia: a nationwide nested case-control study in Finland. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Oct;8(10):883–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman B, Kitchen C, Johnson KW, et al. Levels of prolactin and testosterone and associated sexual dysfunction and breast abnormalities in men with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medications. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;143:50–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltogiannis D, Giannakopoulos X, Charalabopoulos K, et al. Monotherapy in advanced prostate cancer: an overview. Exp Oncol. 2004 Sep;26(3):185–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksel RN, Elyas Kaya Z, Dilbaz N, et al. Cabergoline-induced manic episode: case report. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;6(3):229–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lertxundi U, Domingo-Echaburu S, Peral J, et al. Antipsychotic induced symptomatic hyperprolactinemia: are dopamine agonists safe? Psychopharmacol Bull. [2011 Sep 15];44(3):66–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tewksbury A, Olander A. Management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Ment Health Clin. 2016 Jul;6(4):185–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marques TR, Smith S, Bonaccorso S, et al. Sexual dysfunction in people with prodromal or first-episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;201:131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Caceres S, Cera N, Nobre P, et al. The impact of psychosis on sexual functioning: a systematic review. J Sex Med. 2021 Mar;18(3):457–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Sayed El Taweel M, Zyada F, Sabry W. Sexual dysfunctions in drug-naive male patients with first-episode schizophrenia: a case–control study. Middle East Current Psychiatry. 2017. 24(4)
   Google Scholar
• Del Cacho N, Vila-Badia R, Butjosa A, et al. Sexual dysfunction in drug- naive first episode nonaffective psychosis patients. Relationship with prolactin and psychotic symptoms. Gender differences. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:112985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik P, Kemmler G, Hummer M, et al. Sexual dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia patients: results from European First Episode schizophrenia trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Jun;31(3):274–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam RL, Sidi H, Midin M, et al. The role of atypical antipsychotics in sexuality: road to recovery in schizophrenia. Curr Drug Targets. 2018;19(12):1402–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar