Stages of substance use among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa

References

• Adler I, Kandel D. Risk periods for drug involvement in adolescence in France and in Israel: applications of survival analysis to cross-sectional data. Social Forces 1983; 62: 375–97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews J A, Hops H, Ary D, Lichtenstein E, Tildesley E. The construction, validation and use of a Guttman scale of adolescent substance use: an investigation of family relationships. Journal of Drug Issues 1991; 21: 557–72
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaze-Temple D, Kai Lo S. Stages of drug use: a community survey of Perth teenagers. British Journal of Addiction 1992; 87: 215–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Central Statistical Service. South African Statistics. Government Printer, Pretoria 1991
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1960; 20: 37–46
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan J E, Jessor J E. The structure of problem behaviour in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1985; 53: 890–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison G TH, De Wet T, Ijsselmuiden C B, Richter L. Desegregating health statistics and health research in South Africa. South African Medical Journal 1996; 86: 1257–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming R, Leventhal H, Glynn K, Ershler J. The role of cigarettes in the initiation and progression of early subsance use. Addictive Behaviors 1989; 14: 261–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flisher A J, Ziervogel C F, Chalton D O, Robertson B A. Risk-taking behaviour of Cape Peninsula high-school students: Part I. Introduction and methods. South African Medical Journal 1993; 83: 469–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flisher A J, Evans J, Muller M, Lombard C L. Test-retest reliability of self-reported adolescent risk behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, (in press, a)
   Google Scholar
• Flisher A J, Parry C DH, Evans J, Muller M, Lombard C. Substance use in Cape Town, South Africa: prevalence rates and correlates. Journal of Adolescent Health, (in press, b)
   Google Scholar
• Hollander M, Wolfe D A. Nonparametric Statistical Methods. Wiley, New York 1973
   Google Scholar
• Kandel D. Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science 1975; 190: 912–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D B, Faust R. Sequence and stages in patterns of adolescent drug use. Archives of General Psychiatry 1975; 32: 923–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D B, Yamaguchi K. Developmental patterns of the use of legal, illegal, and medically prescribed psychotropic drugs from adolescence to young adulthood. NIDA Research Monograph 1985; 56: 193–235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kandel D B, Yamaguchi K. From beer to crack: developmental patterns of drug involvement. American Journal of Public Health 1993; 83: 851–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D B, Kessler R C, Margulies R Z. Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: a developmental analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1978; 7: 13–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D B, Yamaguchi K, Chen K. Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: further evidence for the gateway theory. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1992; 53: 447–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leggett T. Rainbow Vice: The Drugs and Sex Industries in the New South Africa. David Phillip: Cape Town. Mensch B and Kandel DB (1992) Drug use as a risk factor for premarital teen pregnancy and abortion in a national sample of young white women. Demography 2001; 29: 409–29
   Google Scholar
• Miller T Q. A test of alternative explanations for the stage-like progression of adolescent substance use in four national samples. Addictive Behaviors 1994; 19: 287–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morojele N K, Flisher A J, Muller M, Ziervogel C F, Reddy P, Lombard C J. Measurement of risk and protective factors for drug use and anti-social behavior among high school students in South Africa. Journal of Drug Education, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Torabi M R, Bailey W J, Majd-Jabbari M. Cigarette smoking as a predictor of alcohol and other drug use by adolescents: evidence for the ‘gateway effect’. Journal of School Health 1993; 63: 302–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss H L, Clayton R R. Stages in involvement with drugs. Pediatrician 1987; 14: 25–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson D, Steinegger P, Parkin D P. Effects of cannabis smoked together with a substance sold as Mandrax. South African Medical Journal 1989; 76: 636
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamaguchi K, Kandel D B. Patterns of drug use from adolescence to adulthood. II. Sequences of progression. American Journal of Public Health 1984a; 74: 668–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi K, Kandel D B. Patterns of drug use from adolescence to adulthood. III. Predictors of progression. American Journal of Public Health 1984b; 74: 673–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Williford W R. The age of alcohol onset and alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use patterns: an analysis of drug use progression of young adults in New York State. International Journal of the Addictions 1992; 27: 1313–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar