Reducing the risk of exposure to HCV amongst injecting drug users: Lessons from a peer intervention project in Northwest Wales

References

• Battjes R. J., Leukefeild C. G., Pickens R. W. Age at first injection and HIV risk among intravenous drug uses. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 1992; 18: 263–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett G. A., Velleman R. D., Barter G., Bradbury C. Gender differences in sharing injecting equipment by drug users in England. AIDS Care 2000; 12((1))77–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth‐Davies J., Baker R. The impact of self‐presentation and interviewer bias effects on self reported heroin use. British Journal of Addiction 1997; 82: 907–912
   Google Scholar
• Broadhead R. S., Heckathorn D. D., Weakliem D. L., Anthony D. L., Madray H., Mills R. J., Hughes J. Harnessing peer networks as an instrument for AIDS prevention: results from a peer‐driven intervention. Public Health Reports 1998; 113((Suppl 1))42–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craine N., Walker M., Carnwath T., Klee H. Needle in a haystack: Rural injecting. Druglink. 2001, November/December, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Crofts N., Jolly D., Kaldor J., van Beek I., Wodak A. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in Australia. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1997; 51: 692–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofts N., Aitken C. K., Kaldor J. M. The force of numbers: Why hepatitis C is spreading among Australian injecting drug users while HIV is not. Medical Journal Australia 1999; 170((5))220–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman S. R., Des Jarlais D. C., Sotheran J. L., Garber J., Cohen H., Smith D. AIDS and self‐organization among intravenous drug users. International Journal of the Addictions 1987; 22((3))201–219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garfein R. S., Vlahov D., Galai N., Doherty M. C., Nelson K. E. Viral infections in short term injection drug users: the prevalence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus, and human T‐lymphotrophic viruses. American Journal of Public Health 1996; 86: 655–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M., Griffiths P., Powis B., Strang J. Severity of heroin dependence and HIV risk. II. Sharing injecting equipment. AIDS Care 1993; 5: 159–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M., Marsden J., Stewart D., Lehmann P., Strang J. Methadone treatment practices and outcome for opiate addicts treated in drug clinics and in general practice: Results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study. British Journal of General Practice 1999; 49((438))31–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths P., Gossop M., Powis B., Strang J. Reaching hidden populations of drug users by privileged access interviewers: methodological and practical issues. Addiction 1993; 88: 1617–1626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey E., Strathdee S. A., Patrick D. M., Ofner M., Archibald C. P., Eades G., O'Shaughnessy M. V. A qualitative investigation into an HIV outbreak among injection drug users in Vancouver, British Columbia. AIDS Care 1998; 10: 313–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Protection Agency, SCIEH, National Public Health Service for Wales, CDSC Northern Ireland, CRDHB, and the UASSG. Shooting up: infections among injecting drug users in the United Kingdom. Health Protection Agency, December 2003, London 2002
   Google Scholar
• Hunter G., Stimson G. V., Judd A., Jones S., Hickman M. Measuring injecting risk behaviour in the second decade of harm reduction: a survey of injecting drug users in England. Addiction 2000; 95: 1351–1361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes R. A. Assessing the influence of need to inject and drug withdrawal on injectors' perceptions of HIV risk behaviour. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2001; 33: 185–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keene J., Stimson G. V., Jones S., Parry‐Langdon N. Evaluation of syringe‐exchange for HIV prevention among injecting drug users in rural and urban areas of Wales. Addiction 1993; 88: 1063–1070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klee H., Reid P. Amphetamine‐misusing Groups: a feasibility study of the use of peer group leaders for drug prevention work among their associates. Home Office, London 1995, Home Office Drugs Prevention Initiative Paper 3
   Google Scholar
• Latkin C. A. Outreach in natural settings; the use of peer leaders for HIV prevention among injecting drug users' networks. Public Health Report 1998; 113((Suppl 1))151–159
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magura S., Grossman J. I., Lipton D. S., Qudsia S., Shapiro J., Marion I., Amann K. R. Determinants of needle sharing among intravenous drug users. American Journal of Public Health 1989; 79: 459–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker H., Bottomley T. Crack Cocaine and Drugs‐crime Careers. Home Office, London 1996, Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate, No 34
   Google Scholar
• Power R. Some methodological and practical implications of employing drug users as ‘indigenous fieldworkers’. Challenge and Innovation: methodological advances in social research on HIV/AIDS, M Boulton. Taylor and Francis, London 1994
   Google Scholar
• Ross M. W., Wodak A., Stowe A., Gold J. Explanations for sharing equipment in injecting drug users and barriers to safer drug use. Addiction 1994; 89: 473–479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth B. P., Barry J., Keenan E. Syringe borrowing persists in Dublin despite harm reduction interventions. Addiction 2001; 96: 717–727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart D., Gossop M., Marsden J., Strang J. Variation between and within drug treatment modalities: Data from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (UK). European Addiction Research 2000; 6((3))106–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stimson G. V., Eaton G., Rhodes T., Power R. Potential development of community orientated HIV outreach among drug injectors in the UK. Addiction 1994; 89: 1601–1611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stimson G. V., Jones S., Chalmers C., Sullivan D. A short questionnaire (IRQ) to assess injecting risk behaviour. Addiction 1998; 93: 337–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal‐Trecan G., Coste J., Varescon‐Pousson I., Reboul‐Marty J., Cristoforov B., Boissonnas A. Patterns of sexual and injecting risk behaviours in French intravenous drug users not reporting HIV and hepatitis C virus sero‐positives. Addiction 1998; 93: 1657–1668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar