References
- Abdala N., Crowe M., Tolstov Y., Heimer R. Survival of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 after rinsing infection syringes with different cleaning solutions. Substance Use and Misuse 2004; 39: 581–600
- Archibald C. P., Ofner M., Strathdee S. A., Patrick D. M., Sutherland D., Rekart M., Schechter M. T., O'Shaughnessy M. V. Factors associated with frequent needle exchange program attendance in injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology 1998; 17: 160–166
- Black Poppy. Injecting misstakes. Black Poppy 2004; Issue 9: 23–24, Available at: www.blackpoppy.org.uk
- Bourgois P., Bruneau J. Needle exchange, HIV infection, and the politics of science: Confronting Canada's cocaine injection epidemic with participant observation. Medical Anthropology 2000; 18: 325–350
- Bruneau J., Brogly S. B., Tyndall M. W., Lamothe F., Franco E. L. Intensity of drug injection as a determinant of sustained cessation among chronic drug users: the interface with social factors and service utilization. Addiction 2004; 99: 727–737
- Carruthers S. The ins and outs of injection in Western Australia. Journal of Substance Use 2003; 8: 11–18
- Caulkins J. P., Kaplan E. H., Lurie P., O'Connor T., Ahn S‐H. Can difficult‐to‐reuse syringes reduce the spread of HIV among injection drug users?. Interfaces 1998; 28: 23–33
- Centers for Disease Control. Syringe Disinfection for Injection Drug Users. Author, Atlanta 2004, IDU‐HIV Prevention
- Greenfield L., Bigelow G. E., Brooner R. K. HIV risk behavior in drug users: Increased blood ‘booting’ during cocaine injection. AIDS Education and Prevention 1992; 4: 95–107
- Grund J‐P. C. Drug Use as a Social Ritual: functionality, symbolism and determinants of self‐regulation. Instituut voor Verslavingsonderzoek, Rotterdam 1993
- Heimer R., Abdala N. Viability of HIV‐1 in syringes: Implications for interventions among injection drug users. AIDS Reader 2000; 10: 410–417
- Lamothe F., Bruneau J., Coates R., Rankin J. G., Soto J., Arshinoff R., Brabant M., Vincelette J., Fauvel M. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV‐1 infection in injection drug users in Montreal and Toronto: a collaborative study. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1993; 149: 945–951
- McBride A. J., Pates R. M., Arnold K., Ball N. Needle fixation, the drug user's perspective: a qualitative study. Addiction 2001; 96: 1049–1058
- McElrath K. 2002. Prevalence of Problem Heroin Use in Northern Ireland. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Available at: http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/publications/2002/heroinreport.pdf
- McElrath K. Drug use and drug markets in the context of political conflict: the case of Northern Ireland. Addiction Research and Theory 2004; 12: 577–590
- McElrath K, Jordan M. 2005. Drug Use and Risk Behaviours Among Injecting Drug Users. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Available at: http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/publications/2005/drug_use_and_risk_behaviours.pdf
- Murphy E. L., DeVita D., Liu H., Vittinghoff E., Leung P., Ciccarone D. H., Edlin B. R. Risk factors for skin and soft‐tissue abscesses among injection drug users: A case‐control study. Journal of Infectious Disease 2001; 33: 35–40
- Murray M. Use of illegal drugs in Northern Ireland. Heroin Addiction and Drug Policy: the British system, J Strang, M Gossop. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994; 134–147
- Pates R. A case of needle fixation. Journal of Substance Use 2001; 6: 202–206
- Scott J., Winfield A., Kennedy E., Bond C. Laboratory study of the effects of citric and ascorbic acids on injections prepared with brown heroin. International Journal of Drug Policy 2000; 11: 417–422
- Singer M., Stopka T., Siano C., Springer K., Barton G., Khoshnood K., Gorry de Puga A., Heimer R. The social geography of AIDS and hepatitis risk: Qualitative approaches for assessing local differences in sterile‐syringe access among injection drug users. American Journal of Public Health 2000; 90: 1049–1056
- Strang J., Keaney F., Butterworth G., Best D. Different forms of heroin and their relationship to cook‐up techniques: data on, and explanation of, use of lemon juice and other acids. Substance Use and Misuse 2001; 36: 573–588