Lifetime and 12 months cannabis use and disorders among soldiers residing in a military community in Nigeria

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Diagnostic Statistical Manual (5th ed.). ( V ed.). Washington, DC: Author
   Google Scholar
• Becker, J., Schaub, M. P., Gmel, G., & Haug, S. (2015). Cannabis use and other predictors of the onset of daily cigarette use in young men: What matters most? Results from a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 15, 843. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2194-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, J. B. (1999). Gender differences in dopaminergic function in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 64(4), 803–812. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00168-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden, M. T., Babson, K. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Short, N. A., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use characteristics among military veterans with cannabis dependence. The American Journal on Addictions, 22(3), 277–284. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.12018.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgwardt, S. J., Allen, P., Bhattacharyya, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Seal, M. L., Fraccaro, V., Atakan, Z., Martin-Santos, R., O'Carroll, C., Rubia, K., and McGuire, P. K. (2008). Neural basis of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: Effects during response inhibition. Biological Psychiatry, 64(11), 966–973. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., Ringwalt, C., & Qi, J. (2000). The relationship between marijuana initiation and dropping out of high school. Health Economics, 9(1), 9–18. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterji, P. (2006). Illicit drug use and educational attainment. Health Economics, 15(5), 489–511. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Lynskey, M., Li, N., & Patton, G. C. (2003). Adolescent precursors of cannabis dependence: Findings from the Victorian adolescent health cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 330–336. doi:10.1192/bjp.182.4.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, Z. D., & Haney, M. (2016). Sex-dependent effects of cannabis-induced analgesia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 167, 112–120. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, S.H., Cunha, L. C., Yonamine, M., Pucci, L. L., Oliveira, F. G., de Souza, F. G., Mesquita, G. A., Vieira, A. P., Vinhal L. B., Dalastra, J., Leles, C. R. (2010). Survey on the use of psychotropic drugs by twelve military police units in the municipalities of Goiania and Aparecida de Goiania, state of Goias, Brazil. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 32(4), 389–395. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462010005000023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50(10), 1385–1401. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00390-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabkana, T. M., Bunu, B., Na’aya, H. U., Tela, U. M., & Adamu, A. S. (2015). Pattern of injuries seen during an insurgency: A 5-year review of 1339 cases from Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine, 14(2), 114–117. doi:10.4103/1596-3519.149910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davstad, I., Leifman, A., Allebeck, P., & Romelsjo, A. (2013). Predictors of a favourable socio-economic situation in middle age for Swedish conscripts with self-reported drug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 128(1–2), 37–44. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., & Hall, W. (2006). Is cannabis use a contributory cause of psychosis? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(9), 556–565. doi:10.1177/070674370605100903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., & Hall, W. (2012). Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. The Lancet, 379(9810), 55–70. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61138-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2004) The complete laws of Nigeria: The armed forces act. Retrieved from http://www.placng.org/lawsofnigeria/node/23
   Google Scholar
• Grant, J. D., Scherrer, J. F., Lynskey, M. T., Agrawal, A., Duncan, A. E., Haber, J. R., … Bucholz, K. K. (2012). Associations of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and drug use/dependence with educational attainment: evidence from cotwin-control analyses. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(8), 1412–1420. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01752.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero, E. G., Marsh, J. C., Khachikian, T., Amaro, H., & Vega, W. A. (2013). Disparities in Latino substance use, service use, and treatment: Implications for culturally and evidence-based interventions under health care reform. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(3), 805–813. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gureje, O., Degenhardt, L., Olley, B., Uwakwe, R., Udofia, O., Wakil, A., Adeyemi, O. Bohnert, K., and Anthony, J. (2007). A descriptive epidemiology of substance use and substance use disorders in Nigeria during the early 21st century. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 91(1), 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gureje, O., & Lasebikan, V. (2006). Use of mental health services in a developing country. Results from the Nigerian survey of mental health and well-being. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(1), 44–49. doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0001-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gureje, O., Lasebikan, V. O., Kola, L., & Makanjuola, V. A. (2006). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in the Nigerian survey of mental health and well-being. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 465–471. doi:10.1192/bjp.188.5.465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, W. (2006). Is cannabis use psychotogenic? The Lancet, 367(9506), 193–195. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68012-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanwella, R., & De Silva, V. (2012). Mental health of special forces personnel deployed in battle. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(8), 1343–1351. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0442-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Najman, J. M., Coffey, C., Patton, G. C., Silins, E., and Hutchinson, D. M. (2010). Cannabis use and educational achievement: Findings from three Australasian cohort studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(3), 247–253. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ijomanta, I. N., & Lasebikan, V. O. (2016). Lifetime and 12 months prevalence of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders among soldiers residing in a military community in Ibadan. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(6), 722–732. doi:10.3109/10826084.2016.1153111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao, T. C., Schneider, S. J., & Hoffman, K. J. (2000). Co-occurrence of alcohol, smokeless tobacco, cigarette, and illicit drug use by lower ranking military personnel. Addictive Behaviors, 25(2), 253–262. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(99)00062-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Lanphier, C. M., & McCauley, G. F. (1985). Prevalence and consequences of nonmedical use of drugs among Canadian Forces personnel: 1982. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 11(3–4), 231–247. doi:10.3109/00952998509016864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasebikan, V. O. (2016). Cultural aspects of mental health and mental health service delivery with a focus on Nigeria within a global community, Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19, 323–338, Accepted April 14, 2016. doi:10.1080/13674676.2016.1180672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawn, W., Freeman, T. P., Pope, R. A., Joye, A., Harvey, L., Hindocha, C., Mokrysz, C., Moss, A., Wall, M. B., Bloomfield, M. AP., Das, R. K., Morgan, C. JA., Nutt, D. J., Curran, H. V. (2016). Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: An evaluation of the cannabis ‘amotivational’ hypotheses. Psychopharmacology, 233(19), 3537–3552. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4383-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marimoutou, C., Queyriaux, B., Michel, R., Verret, C., Haus-Cheymol, R., Mayet, A., Deparis, X., Boutin, J. P. (2010). Survey of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use in the French army. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(1), 98–106. doi:10.1080/10550880903436028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKetin, R., Parasu, P., Cherbuin, N., Eramudugolla, R., & Anstey, K. J. (2016). A longitudinal examination of the relationship between cannabis use and cognitive function in mid-life adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahas, G. G. (1982). Hashish in Islam 9th to 18th century. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 58(9), 814–831.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Drug and Law Enforcement Agency. (1989). Drug Abuse in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.ndlea.gov.ng/v1/?q=content/about-ndlea-0
   Google Scholar
• National Population Commission of Nigeria. (2014). National population facts and figures. Retrieved from www.population.gov.ng/index.php.htm
   Google Scholar
• Odenwald, M., Hinkel, H., Schauer, E., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Elbert, T. R., & Rockstroh, B. (2007). The consumption of khat and other drugs in Somali combatants: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Medicine, 4(12), e341. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okulate, G., & Jones, O. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, survivor guilt and substance use - A study of hospitalised Nigerian Army veterans. South African Medical Journal, 96(2), 144–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okulate, G. T., & Jones, O. B. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, survivor guilt and substance use–a study of hospitalised Nigerian army veterans. South African Medical Journal, 96(2), 144–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pate, A. (2014). Boko Haram: An assessment of strengths, vulnerabilities, and policy options (Report to the Strategic Multilayer Assessment Office, Department of Defense, and the Office of University Programs, Department of Homeland Security). College Park MD: START, January 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Rigod, V., Pilard, M., Paul, F., Deparis, X., & Marimoutou, C. (2011). Alcohol and cannabis consumption in the French Army: Determination of consumer profiles to focus on prevention and care. Military Medicine, 176(7), 805–810. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (1995). Understanding comorbidity between PTSD and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations. Addictive Behaviors, 20(5), 643–655. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(95)00024-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlossarek, S., Kempkensteffen, J., Reimer, J., & Verthein, U. (2016). Psychosocial determinants of cannabis dependence: A systematic review of the literature. European Addiction Research, 22(3), 131–144. doi:10.1159/000441777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipherd, J. C., Stafford, J., & Tanner, L. R. (2005). Predicting alcohol and drug abuse in Persian Gulf War veterans: What role do PTSD symptoms play? Addictive Behaviors, 30(3), 595–599. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistical Package for Social Sciences. (2011). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Swift, W., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., & Patton, G. C. (2008). Adolescent cannabis users at 24 years: Trajectories to regular weekly use and dependence in young adulthood. Addiction, 103(8), 1361–1370. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02246.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, Z., & Orwin, R. G. (2009). Marijuana initiation among American youth and its risks as dynamic processes: Prospective findings from a national longitudinal study. Substance Use & Misuse, 44(2), 195–211. doi:10.1080/10826080802347636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinkoff, A. M., & Storr, C. L. (1997). Collecting substance use data with an anonymous mailed survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 48(1), 1–8. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(97)00095-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNODC. (2007). Drug Abuse and Drug Dependence Treatment Situation. Retrieved March 10, 2015, from http://www.unodc.org/docs/treatment/CoPro/Web_Nigeria.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ustun, B., Compton, W., Mager, D., Babor, T., Baiyewu, O., Chatterji, S., Cottler, L., Gogus, A., Mavreas, V., Peters, L., Pull, C., Saunders, J., Smeets, R., Stipec, M. R., Vrasti, R., Hasin, D., Room, R., Van den Brink, W., Regier, D., Blaine, J., Grant, B. F., and Sartorius, N. (1997). WHO study on the reliability and validity of the alcohol and drug use disorder instruments: Overview of methods and results. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 47(3), 161–169. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(97)00087-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ours, J. C., & Williams, J. (2009). Why parents worry: Initiation into cannabis use by youth and their educational attainment. Journal of Health Economics, 28(1), 132–142. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasterling, J. J., Aslan, M., Proctor, S. P., Ko, J., Marx, B. P., Jakupcak, M., Schnurr, P. P., Gleason, T., Huang, G. D., and Concato, J. (2016). Longitudinal examination of posttraumatic stress disorder as a long-term outcome of Iraq war deployment. American Journal of Epidemiology. doi:10.1093/aje/kww151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar