References
- Abahussain, E., Matowe, L. K., & Nicholls, P. J. (2005). Self-reported medication use among adolescents in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice, 14(3), 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1159/000084633
- Abdelhalim, A. A., Al Harethy, S., & Moustafa, M. (2014). Lornoxicam versus tramadol for post-operative pain relief in patients undergoing ENT procedures. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 8(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.4103/1658-354X.125935
- Abood, E. A., & Wazaify, M. (2016). Abuse and misuse of prescription and nonprescription drugs from community pharmacies in aden city-yemen. Substance Use and Misuse, 51(7), 942–947. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2016.1155619
- Albatti, T. H., Alawwad, S., Aldueb, R., Alhoqail, R., & Almutairi, R. (2017). The self medication use among adolescents aged between 13-18 years old; Prevalence and behavior, Riyadh - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from 2014-2015. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 4(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpam.2016.05.001
- Alblooshi, H., Hulse, G. K., El Kashef, A., Al Hashmi, H., Shawky, M., Al Ghaferi, H., Al Safar, H., & Tay, G. K. (2016). The pattern of substance use disorder in the United Arab Emirates in 2015: Results of a national rehabilitation centre cohort study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 11(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-016-0062-5
- Almalak, H., Albluwi, A. I., Alkhelb, D. A., Alsaleh, H. M., Khan, T. M., Hassali, M. A., & Aljadhey, H. (2014). Students’ attitude toward use of over the counter medicines during exams in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 22(2), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.02.004
- Almutairi, K. M., Alonazi, W. B., Vinluan, J. M., Almigbal, T. H., Batais, M. A., Alodhayani, A. A., Alsadhan, N., Tumala, R. B., Moussa, M., Aboshaiqah, A. E., & Alhoqail, R. I. (2018). Health promoting lifestyle of university students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional assessment. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1093. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5999-z
- Bassiony, M. (2013). Substance use disorders in Saudi Arabia: Review article. Journal of Substance Use, 18(6), 450–466. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2011.606349
- Bassiony, M., Abdelghani, M., Salah, G. M., Hassan, M. S., El-Gohari, H., & Yousef, U. M. (2018). Opioid use disorders attributed to tramadol among Egyptian university students. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 12(2), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000380
- Bassiony, M., Salah, G. M., Yousef, U., Raya, Y., Abdul-Ghani, M. M., El-Gohari, H., & Atwa, S. A. (2015). Adolescent tramadol use and abuse in Egypt. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 41(3), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2015.1014959
- Beakley, B. D., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2015). Tramadol, pharmacology, side effects, and serotonin syndrome: A review. Pain Physician, 18, 395–400.
- Benotsch, E. G., Koester, S., Martin, A. M., Cejka, A., Luckman, D., & Jeffers, A. J. (2014). Intentional misuse of over-the-counter medications, mental health, and polysubstance use in young adults. Journal of Community Health, 39(4), 688–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-013-9811-9
- Chinneck, A., Thompson, K., Mahu, I. T., Davis-MacNevin, P., Dobson, K., & Stewart, S. H. (2018). Personality and prescription drug use/misuse among first year undergraduates. Addictive Behaviors, 87, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.001
- Conca, A. J., & Worthen, D. R. (2012). Nonprescription drug abuse. Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 25(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190011431148
- Cooper, R. J. (2013). ‘I can’t be an addict. I am.’ Over-the-counter medicine abuse: A qualitative study. LID - 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002913 [doi] LID - e002913. BMJ Open, 3(6), e002913. https://doi.org/doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002913
- Fawzi, M. M. (2011). Some medicolegal aspects concerning tramadol abuse: The new Middle East youth plague 2010. An Egyptian overview. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1(2), 99–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.04.016
- Fingleton, N. A., Watson, M. C., Duncan, E. M., & Matheson, C. (2016). Non-prescription medicine misuse, abuse and dependence: A cross-sectional survey of the UK general population. Journal of Public Health, 38(4), 722–730. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv204
- Finkelstein, Y., Goel, G., Hutson, J. R., Armstrong, J., Baum, C. R., Wax, P., & Brent, J. (2017). Drug misuse in adolescents presenting to the emergency department. Pediatric Emergency Care, 33(7), 451–456. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000571
- Ford, J. A. (2009). Misuse of over-the-counter cough or cold medications among adolescents: Prevalence and correlates in a national sample. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(5), 505–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.10.140
- General Authority for Statistics. (2018). Household income and expenditure survey 2018. https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/household_income_and_expenditure_survey_2018_en_27-6-2019.pdf
- Ghandour, L. A., El Sayed, D. S., & Martins, S. S. (2012). Prevalence and patterns of commonly abused psychoactive prescription drugs in a sample of university students from Lebanon: An opportunity for cross-cultural comparisons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 121(1–2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.021
- Hughes, G. F., McElnay, J. C., Hughes, C. M., McKenna, P. (1999). Abuse/misuse of non-prescription drugs. Pharmacy World and Science, 21(6), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008788726842.
- Ibrahim, N. K., Alamoudi, B. M., Baamer, W. O., & Al-Raddadi, R. M. (2015). Self-medication with analgesics among medical students and interns in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 31(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.311.6526
- Kalbani, R. J., & Wazaify, M. (2017). Prevalence of prescription and non-prescription drugs-related overdoses at emergency departments in Amman—a cross sectional study. Journal of Substance Use, 22(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2016.1144803
- Kelly, B. C., Wells, B. E., Pawson, M., LeClair, A., & Parsons, J. T. (2014). Combinations of prescription drug misuse and illicit drugs among young adults. Addictive Behaviors, 39(5), 941–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.12.003
- Le, V. T., Turner, A. N., McDaniel, A., Hale, K. M., Athas, C., & Kwiek, N. C. (2018). Nonmedical use of over-the-counter medications is significantly associated with nonmedical use of prescription drugs among university students. Journal of American College Health, 66(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2017.1356312
- Lessenger, J. E., & Feinberg, S. D. (2008). Abuse of prescription and over-the-counter medications. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 21(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2008.01.070071
- McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., & Wechsler, H. (2007). Trends and college-level characteristics associated with the non-medical use of prescription drugs among US college students from 1993 to 2001. Addiction, 102(3), 455–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01733.x
- Mintzer, M. Z., Lanier, R. K., Lofwall, M. R., Bigelow, G. E., & Strain, E. C. (2010). Effects of repeated tramadol and morphine administration on psychomotor and cognitive performance in opioid-dependent volunteers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111(3), 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.002
- Saeed, M. S., Alkhoshaiban, A. S., Al-Worafi, Y. M. A., & Long, C. M. (2014). Perception of self‑medication among university students in Saudi Arabia. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 5(4), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-080X.142049
- Shi, C. W., & Bayard, M. A. (2011). Abuse of over-the-counter medications among teenagers and young adults. American Family Physician, 84(7), 749–750.
- Stanciu, C. N., Penders, T. M., & Rouse, E. M. (2016). Recreational use of dextromethorphan, “Robotripping”-A brief review. The American Journal on Addictions, 25(5), 374–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12389
- Steinman, K. J. (2006). High school students’ misuse of over-the-counter drugs: A population-based study in an urban county. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(4), 445–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.08.010
- Substance Use and Mental Health Administration. (2019a). Substance misuse prevention for young adults. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep19-pl-guide-1.pdf
- Substance Use and Mental Health Administration. (2019b). 2018 national survey on drug use and health: Methodological summary and definitions. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHMethodsSummDefs2018/NSDUHMethodsSummDefs2018.pdf
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, March 31). Drug applications for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/types-applications/drug-applications-over-counter-otc-drugs
- United Nations Office on Drug and Crime. (2018). World drug report, 2018 (report no. E.18.XI.9). United Nations publication.