Tobacco smoking and substance use among medical undergraduates in Najaf, Iraq: prevalence and associated factors

References

• Abu Elenin, M. M., Omar Atalla, A. A., & El-Salamy, R. (2017). Cigarette smoking among medical students and some associated risk factors. Tanta Medical Journal, 45(4), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.4103/tmj.tmj_3_17
   Google Scholar
• Akvardar, Y., Demiral, Y., Ergör, G., Ergör, A., Bilici, M., & Akil Ozer, O. (2003). Substance use in a sample of Turkish medical students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 72(2), 117–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00192-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Mousawi, A. (2014). The prevalence of smoking among Karbala/Iraq university students in Iraq in 2005. Tobacco Use Insights, 7, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.4137/TUI.S12238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Gburi, K., Al-Murshedi, R., Abd Alridha, A. M., & Baiee, H. (2020). A cross-sectional study of epidemiological factors associated with drug use among secondary school students. Journal of Substance Use, 25(5), 475–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2020.1736664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hemiary, N. J., Al Diwan, J. K., Hasson, A. L., & Rawson, R. A. (2014). Drug and alcohol use in Iraq: Findings of the inaugural Iraqi Community Epidemiological Workgroup. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(13), 1759–1763. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.913633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Kaabba, A. F., Saeed, A. A., Abdalla, A. M., Hassan, H. A., & Mustafa, A. A. (2011). Prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking among medical students at King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 18(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-1683.78631
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arora, A., Kannan, S., Gowri, S., Choudhary, S., Sudarasanan, S., & Khosla, P. P. (2016). Substance abuse amongst the medical graduate students in a developing country. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 143(1), 101–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.178617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2003). Familial influences on adolescent smoking. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(Suppl 1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.2.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barzani, D. (2006). Iraq: An important start in the Kurdish region. Tobacco Control, 15(1), 3–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, K. E., Carver, K., & Gleiter, K. (2001). Trends in parent and friend influence during adolescence: The case of adolescent cigarette smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(00)00110-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boniatti, M. M., Zubaran, C., Panarotto, D., Delazeri, G. J., Tirello, J. L., Feldens, M. D. O., & Sperotto, V. F. R. (2007). The use of psychoactive substances among medical students in Southern Brazil. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26(3), 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230701247715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, K. A. M., Sant’anna, M. J. C., Coates, V., & Omar, H. A. (2008). Medical students: Abuse of psychoactive substances and sexuality aspects. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 20(3), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh.2008.20.3.321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carver, H., Elliott, L., Kennedy, C., & Hanley, J. (2017). Parent–child connectedness and communication in relation to alcohol, tobacco and drug use in adolescence: An integrative review of the literature. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 24(2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2016.1221060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. (2009). Tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years—Baghdad, Iraq, 2008. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(12), 305–308.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chidiac, A., Tamim, H., Kanso, M., & Tfayli, A. (2016). Smoking among Lebanese medical students: Prevalence and attitudes. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 11(3), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.185757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Mesquita, E. M., Nunes, A. J., & Cohen, C. (2008). Evaluation of medical students’ attitudes towards drug abuse by colleagues in the academic environment. 35(suppl 1). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832008000700003
   Google Scholar
• Elamin, O. E. O., Elamin, S. E. O., Dafalla, B. A. A., El-Amin, M. E., & Elsiddig, A. A. (2013). Cigarette smoking among medical students in the National Ribat University, Sudan. Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics, 13(2), 45–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ezard, N. (2012). Substance use among populations displaced by conflict: A literature review. Disasters, 36(3), 533–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01261.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, H. Y., & Abdul Satar, B. A. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among Iraqi adolescents: Iraq GYTS 2012. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 11(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1617-9625-11-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keyzers, A., Lee, S.-K., & Dworkin, J. (2020). Peer pressure and substance use in emerging adulthood: A latent profile analysis. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(10), 1716–1723. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1759642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khafagy, M., Gomaa, Z., & Elwasify, M. (2021). Substance use patterns among university students in Egypt. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00140-6
   Google Scholar
• Kobus, K. (2003). Peers and adolescent smoking. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(Suppl 1), 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.98.s1.4.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushwaha, R., Rauniar, G. P., Koirala, B., & Mandal, N. K. (2019). Prevalence of substance use among undergraduate students in a medical college of Nepal. JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 57(219), 315–319. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.4605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemos, K. M., Neves, N. M. B. C., Kuwano, A. Y., Tedesqui, G., Bitencourt, A. G. V., Neves, F. B. C. S., Guimarães, A. N., Rebello, A., Bacellar, F., & Lima, M. M. (2007). Psychoactive substance use by medical students from Salvador (BA). Online, 34(3), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832007000300003
   Google Scholar
• Mekonen, T., Fekadu, W., Mekonnen, T. C., & Workie, S. B. (2017). Substance use as a strong predictor of poor academic achievement among university students. Psychiatry Journal, 2017, 7517450. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7517450
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meressa, K., Mossie, A., & Gelaw, Y. (2009). Support for the continuation of female genital mutilation among adolescents in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v19i2.69419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myles, H., Myles, N., & Large, M. (2016). Cannabis use in first episode psychosis: Meta-analysis of prevalence, and the time course of initiation and continued use. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3), 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415599846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Substance use and co-occurring mental disorders. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health
   Google Scholar
• Oreskovich, M. R., Shanafelt, T., Dyrbye, L. N., Tan, L., Sotile, W., Satele, D., West, C. P., Sloan, J., & Boone, S. (2015). The prevalence of substance use disorders in American physicians. American Journal on Addictions, 24(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padrão, P., Lunet, N., Santos, A. C., & Barros, H. (2007). Smoking, alcohol, and dietary choices: Evidence from the Portuguese National Health Survey. BMC Public Health, 7(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palin, M., & McConville, K. (2021). Prevalence and perceptions of illicit substance use amongst medical students (Version 1). MedEdPublish, 10(163). https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2021.000163.1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rigotti, N. A., Lee, J. E., & Wechsler, H. (2000). US college students’ use of tobacco products: Results of a national survey. JAMA, 284(6), 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.6.699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozi, S., Akhtar, S., Ali, S., & Khan, J. (2005). Prevalence and factors associated with current smoking among high school adolescents in Karachi, Pakistan. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36(2), 498–504.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrestha, J. T. M., Tiwari, S., Kushwaha, D. K., Bhattarai, P., & Raj, R. (2020). Prevalence of psychoactive drug use among medical students in a medical college of Nepal. JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 58(230), 717–720. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.5237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siziya, S., Muula, A. S., & Rudatsikira, E. (2007). Correlates of current cigarette smoking among in-school adolescents in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Conflict and Health, 1(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-1-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soteriades, E. S., & DiFranza, J. R. (2003). Parent’s socioeconomic status, adolescents’ disposable income, and adolescents’ smoking status in Massachusetts. American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 1155–1160. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.7.1155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreeramareddy, C. T., Ramakrishnareddy, N., Rahman, M., & Mir, I. A. (2018). Prevalence of tobacco use and perceptions of student health professionals about cessation training: Results from global health professions students survey. BMJ Open, 8(5), e017477. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). Let’s make the next generation tobacco-free: Your guide to the 50th anniversary Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health ( cdc:21587). https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21587
   Google Scholar
• Vakeflliu, Y., Argjiri, D., Peposhi, I., Agron, S., & Melani, A. S. (2002). Tobacco smoking habits, beliefs, and attitudes among medical students in Tirana, Albania. Preventive Medicine, 34(3), 370–373. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., & Kilpatrick, D. (2004). Sustained increased consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan residents after September 11, 2001. American Journal of Public Health, 94(2), 253–254. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.2.253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2021). Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1983). Guidelines for the conduct of tobacco smoking survey of the general population: Report of a WHO meeting held in Helsinki, Finland, 29 November—4 December 1982. World Health Organization; WHO IRIS. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204173
   Google Scholar