The COVID-19 pandemic and parental substance use: a cross-sectional survey of substance use among pregnant and post-partum individuals and their partners

References

• Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area, July 1, 2019. (2019). Retrieved February 27, 2021, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200213/t001a-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa, C., Cowell, A. J., & Dowd, W. N. (2021). Alcohol consumption in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 15(4), 341–344. Publish Ah. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bufquin, D., Park, J. -Y., Back, R. M., de Souza Meira, J. V., & Hight, S. K. (2021). Employee work status, mental health, substance use, and career turnover intentions: An examination of restaurant employees during COVID\-19. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 93, 102764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, L., Coleman-Cowger, V. H., & Breen, C. (2016). Managing maternal substance use in the perinatal period: Current concerns and treatment approaches in the United States and Australia. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 10(Suppl 1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.4137/SART.S34558
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carson, G., Cox, L. V., Crane, J., Croteau, P., Graves, L., Kluka, S., Koren, G., Martel, M. -J., Midmer, D., Nulman, I., Poole, N., Senikas, V., & Wood, R. (2017). No. 245-Alcohol use and pregnancy consensus clinical guidelines. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 39(9), e220–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2017.06.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman, G. E., Ishlek, I., & Spoors, J. (2021). Google search behaviour relating to perinatal mental wellbeing during the United Kingdom’s first COVID-19 lockdown period: A warning for future restrictions. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 24(4), 681–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01110-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, S. L. C., & Wu, L. -T. (2013). Postpartum substance use and depressive symptoms: A review. Women & Health, 53(5), 479–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2013.804025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clay, J. M., & Parker, M. O. (2020). Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: A potential public health crisis? The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30088-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak updates, symptoms, prevention, travel, preparation. (2020a). Public Health Agency of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html
   Google Scholar
• Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak updates, symptoms, prevention, travel, preparation. (2020b). Public Health Agency of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Corsi, D. J., Murphy, M. S. Q., & Cook, J. (2020). The effects of cannabis on female reproductive health across the life course. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 6(4), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1089/CAN.2020.0065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• COVID-19 and Increased Alcohol Consumption: NANOS Poll Summary Report | Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2020c). Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. https://www.ccsa.ca/covid-19-and-increased-alcohol-consumption-nanos-poll-summary-report
   Google Scholar
• COVID-19 disrupting mental health services in most countries, WHO survey. (2020d). Retrieved February, 27, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2020-covid-19-disrupting-mental-health-services-in-most-countries-who-survey
   Google Scholar
• COVID-19 Obstetrics Patient Information and Visitor Restrictions | the Ottawa Hospital. (2021). Retrieved February 27, 2021, from https://www.ottawahospital.on.ca/en/clinical-services/deptpgrmcs/departments/obstetrics-gynecology-and-newborn-care/patient-and-visitor-restrictions/
   Google Scholar
• Daly, M., & Robinson, E. (2021). High-risk drinking in midlife before versus during the COVID-19 Crisis: Longitudinal evidence from the United Kingdom. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 60(2), 294–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distribution of total income by census family type and age of older partner, parent or individual. (2016). Retrieved February 27, 2021, from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/1110001201
   Google Scholar
• Enns, A., Pinto, A., Venugopal, J., Grywacheski, V., Gheorghe, M., Kakkar, T., Farmanara, N., Deb, B., Noon, A., & Orpana, H. (2020). Evidence-informed policy brief—substance use and related harms in the context of COVID-19: A conceptual model. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice, 40(11–12), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.40.11/12.03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadermann, A. C., Thomson, K. C., Richardson, C. G., Gagné, M., Mcauliffe, C., Hirani, S., & Jenkins, E. (2021). Examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family mental health in Canada: Findings from a national cross-sectional study. British Medical Journal Open, 11(1), e042871. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817. Published. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves, L. (2020). Cannabis and breastfeeding. In Paediatrics and child health (Canada) (Vol. 25, pp. S26–28). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa037
   Google Scholar
• Graves, L., Carson, G., Poole, N., Patel, T., Bigalky, J., Green, C. R., & Cook, J. L. (2020). Guideline No. 405: Screening and counselling for alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 42(9), 1158–1173.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2020.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gromada, A., Richardson, D., & Rees, G. (2020). Childcare in a global crisis: The impact of COVID-19 on work and family life. United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/16D757A1-EN
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada. (2020). Helping people who use substances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aem. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-use/helping-people-who-use-substances-covid-19.html
   Google Scholar
• Home page—limesurvey—easy online survey tool. (2020e). Retrieved February 27, 2021, from https://www.limesurvey.org/
   Google Scholar
• Ko, J. Y., Farr, S. L., Tong, V. T., Creanga, A. A., & Callaghan, W. M. (2015). Prevalence and patterns of marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 213(2), 201.e1–201.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.03.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotlar, B., Gerson, E., Petrillo, S., Langer, A., & Tiemeier, H. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health: A scoping review. Reproductive Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01070-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancet Public Health. (2020). Failing to address the burden of alcohol. The Lancet Public Health, 5(6), e297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30123-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levis, B., Negeri, Z., Sun, Y., Benedetti, A., & Thombs, B. D. (2020). Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening to detect major depression among pregnant and postpartum women: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. In The BMJ (Vol. 371). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4022
   Google Scholar
• MacMillan, T., Corrigan, M. J., Coffey, K., Tronnier, C. D., Wang, D., & Krase, K. (2021). Exploring factors associated with alcohol and/or substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00482-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, S. M. (2009). Depression during pregnancy: Rates, risks and consequences. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 16(1), e15–22.
   Google Scholar
• Navarrete, F., García-Gutiérrez, M. S., Gasparyan, A., Austrich-Olivares, A., Femenía, T., & Manzanares, J. (2020). Cannabis use in pregnant and breastfeeding women: Behavioral and neurobiological consequences. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 586447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, B. W., Pettitt, A., Flannery, J. E., & Allen, N. B. (2020). Rapid assessment of psychological and epidemiological correlates of COVID-19 concern, financial strain, and health-related behavior change in a large online sample. Plos One, 15(11), e0241990. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, K. (2021). A timeline of COVID-19 in Ontario | Globalnews.Ca. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/6859636/ontario-coronavirus-timeline/
   Google Scholar
• Ordean, A., Wong, S., & Graves, L. (2017). Guideline No. 349: Substance use in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 39(10), 922–937.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2017.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pringle, J. (2020). 2020 year in review: A timeline of COVID-19 in Ottawa. CTV News Ottawa. https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/2020-year-in-review-a-timeline-of-covid-19-in-ottawa-1.5249522
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, J. J., & Smith, V. C. (2019). Epidemiology of perinatal substance use: Exploring trends in maternal substance use. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 24(2), 86–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2019.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehi, L., Rahimzadeh, M., Molaei, E., Zaheri, H., & Esmaelzadeh-Saeieh, S. (2020). The relationship among fear and anxiety of COVID-19, pregnancy experience, and mental health disorder in pregnant women: A structural equation model. Brain and Behavior, 10(11), e01835. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc. (2017). SAS Software 9.4.
   Google Scholar
• Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S. (2018). Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In Journal of Psychiatric Research (Vol. 104, pp. 235–248). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, R., DeJong, K., & Lo, J. (2019). Marijuana use in pregnancy: A review. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 74(7), 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0000000000000685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNODC World Drug Report 2020: Global drug use rising; while COVID-19 has far reaching impact on global drug markets. (2020f). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. file://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2020/June/media-advisory—global-launch-of-the-2020-world-drug-report.html
   Google Scholar
• Vigod, S. N., Brown, H. K., Huang, A., Fung, K., Barker, L. C., Hussain-Shamsy, N., Wright, E., Dennis, C. -L., Grigoriadis, S., Gozdyra, P., Corsi, D., Walker, M., & Moineddin, R. (2021). Postpartum mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based, repeated cross-sectional study. CMAJ, 193(23), E835–843. https://doi.org/10.1503/CMAJ.210151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardell, J. D., Kempe, T., Rapinda, K. K., Single, A., Bilevicius, E., Frohlich, J. R., Hendershot, C. S., & Keough, M. T. (2020). Drinking to cope during COVID-19 pandemic: The role of external and internal factors in coping motive pathways to alcohol use, solitary drinking, and alcohol problems. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(10), 2073–2083. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, S., Alice Ordean, T. O., Meldon Kahan, T. O., Gagnon, R., Hayley Bos, M., Basso, V. B., Joan Crane, L. O., John, S., Gregory Davies, N., Marie-France Delisle, K. O., Dan Farine, V. B., Savas Menticoglou, T. O., William Mundle, W. M., Lynn Murphy-Kaulbeck, W. O., Annie Ouellet, A. N., Tracy Pressey, S. Q., Anne Roggensack, V. B., Frank Sanderson, C. A., John, S. N., Sandra de la Ronde, T. O. (2011). Substance use in pregnancy maternal fetal medicine committee SOGC clinical practice guideline medico-legal committee ad hoc reviewers. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 33(4), 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34855-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wymore, E. M., Palmer, C., Wang, G. S., Metz, T. D., Bourne, D. W. A., Sempio, C., & Bunik, M. (2021). Persistence of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in human breast milk. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(6), 632–634. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2020.6098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, H., Ding, Y., & Guo, W. (2020). Mental health of pregnant and postpartum women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, G. (2004). A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159(7), 702–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/AJE/KWH090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar