Mirror movements and ipsilateral motor evoked potentials in ALS

References

• Eisen A, Krieger C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1998, Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Swash M. Clinical features and diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In: Brown RH, Meininger V, Swash M, eds. Amyo- trophic lateral sclerosis. London: Martin Dunitz, 2000: 3–30.
   Google Scholar
• EL Escorial Revisited. Revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyo- trophic lateral sclerosis: reqirements for the diagnosis of ALS. 1998; http://www.wfnals.org/Articles/elescorial1998criteria.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki Y, Ikeda K, Kinoshita M. MRI lesions in motor neuron disease. J Neurol 1992; 239: 112–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pioro EP, Antel JP, Cashman NR, Arnold DL. Detection of cortical neuron loss in motor neuron disease by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in vivo. Neurology 1994; 44: 1933–1938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis CM, Simmons A, Jones DK et al. Diffusion tensor MRI assesses corticospinal tract damage in ALS. Neurology 1999; 53: 1051–1058.
   Google Scholar
• Triggs WJ, Menkes D, Onorato J et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation identifies upper motor neuron involvement in motor neuron disease. Neurology 1999; 53: 605–611.
   Google Scholar
• Caramia MD, Palmieri MG, Desiato MT et al. Pharmacological reversal of cortical hyperexcitability in patients with ALS. Neurology 2000; 54: 58–64.
   Google Scholar
• Eisen A, Weber M. The motor cortex and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24: 564–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefan K, Kunesch E, Benecke R, Classen J. Effects of riluzole on cortical excitability in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001; 49: 537–540.
   Google Scholar
• Yokota T, Yoshino A, Inaba A, Saito Y. Double cortical stimulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61: 596–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziemann U, Winter M, Reimers CD et al. Impaired cortex inhibition in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: evi- dence from paired transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 1997; 49: 1262–1268.
   Google Scholar
• Mills KR. Motor neuron disease: studies of the corticospinal excitation of single motor neurons by magnetic brain stimula- tion. Brain 1995; 118: 971–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen A, Entezari-Taher M, Stewart H. Cortical projections to spinal motor neurons: changes with aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 1996; 46: 1396–1404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima M, Eisen A, McCarthy R et al. Reduced corticomoto- neuronal excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) with normal Ia afferent EPSPs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 1996; 47: 1555–1565.
   Google Scholar
• Magistris MR, Ro¨ sler KM, Truffert A et al. A clinical study of motor evoked potentials using a triple stimulation technique. Brain 1999; 122: 265–279.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks BR. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Diseases/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromus- cular Diseases and the El Escorial ‘clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis’ workshop contributors. J Neurol Sci 1994; 124: 96–107.
   Google Scholar
• Zu¨ lch KJ, Mu¨ ller N. Associated movements in man. 1969: In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, eds. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol. 1. North Holland, Amsterdam: 404–426.
   Google Scholar
• Mayston MJ, Harrison LM, Stephens JA. A neurophysiological study of mirror movements in adults and children. Ann Neurol 1999; 45: 583–594.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ziemann U, Ishii K, Borgheresi A et al. Dissociation of the pathways mediating ipsilateral and contralateral motor- evoked potentials in human hand and arm muscles. J Physiol 1999; 518.3: 895–906.
   Google Scholar
• Nelles G, Cramer SC, Schaechter JD, Kaplan JD, Finklestein SP. Quantitative assessment of mirror movements after stroke. Stroke 1998; 29: 1182–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann GI. Absence of the cervical spine: Klippel-Feil syndrome. J Am Med Ass 1932; 98: 129–132.
   Google Scholar
• Danek A, Heye B, Schroedter R. Cortically evoked motor responses in patients with Xp22.3-linked Kallmann’s syndrome and in female gene carriers. Ann Neurol 1992; 31: 299–304.
   Google Scholar
• Mayston MJ, Harrison LM, Stephens JA, Farmer SF. Physiological tremor in human subjects with X-linked Kallmann’s syndrome and mirror movements. J Physiol 2001; 530.3: 551–563.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer BU, Roricht S, Woiciechowsky C. Topography of fibres in the human corpus callosum mediating interhemispheric inhibi- tion between the motor cortices. Ann Neurol 1998; 43: 360– 369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alagona G, Delvaux V, Gerard P et al. Ipsilateral motor responses to focal transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy subjects and acute-stroke patients. Stroke 2001; 32: 1304–1309.
   Google Scholar
• Cinotta M, Borgheresi A, Boffi P et al. Bilateral motor cortex output with intended unimanual contraction in congenital mirror movements. Neurology 2002; 58: 1290–1293.
   Google Scholar
• Cedarbaum J. The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale. Assessment of activities of daily living in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The ALS CNTF treatment study (ACTS) phase I–II Study Group. Archives of Neurology 1996; 53: 141–147.
   Google Scholar
• Woods BT, Teuber HL. Mirror movements after childhood hemiparesis. Neurology 1978; 28: 1152–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossini PM, Barker AT, Berardelli A et al. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee. Elektroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 91: 79–92.
   Google Scholar
• Claus D, Mills K, Murray N, Fish D. Changes in human alpha-motor neuron excitability following mechanical muscle stimuli. Europ Arch Psychiat Neurol Sci 1989; 238: 140–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossini PM, Marciani MG, Caramia M et al. Nervous propagation along central motor pathways in intact man: characteristics of motor responses to bifocal and unifocal spine and scalp non-invasive stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985; 61: 272–286.
   Google Scholar
• Mills KR, Nithi KA. Peripheral and central motor conduction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1998; 159: 82–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turton A, Wroe S, Trepte N et al. Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke. Electroencepha- logr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 101: 316–328.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw PJ, Ince PG. Glutamate, excitotoxicity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 1997; 244(Suppl 2): S3–S14.
   Google Scholar
• EL Escorial RevisitedRevised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; 1998 appendix 3: employing electrophysological studies in the diagnosis of ALS; http://www.wfnals.org/Articles/elescorial1998app3.htm.
   Google Scholar