Football and its continuity as a classless mass phenomenon in Germany and England: rethinking the bourgeoisification of football crowds

References

• Aschenbeck, A. Fußballfans im Abseits [Football Fans Offside]. Kassel: Agon, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Bausenwein, C. Geheimnis Fußball. Auf den Spuren eines Phänomens [The Mystery of Football. On the Trail of a Phenomenon]. Göttingen: Die Werkstatt, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Bleeker-Dohmen, R., K.-H. Stammen, H. Strasser, and G. Weber. ‘Sind wir so unwichtig? Fußballfans zwischen Tradition und Kommerz [Are we so Unimportant? Football Fans between Tradition and Commerce]’. In Das Spiel mit dem Fußball: Interessen, Projektionen und Vereinnahmungen, ed. J. Mittag and J.-U. Nieland, 499–519. Essen: Klartext, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, R., and R. Haynes. Football in the New Media Age. London: Routledge, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Burzan, N. Soziale Ungleichheit. Eine Einführung in die zentralen Theorien [Social Inequality. An Introduction to the Central Theories]. 4th ed. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Crabbe, T., and A. Brown. ‘You’re Not Welcome Anymore: The Football Crowd, Class and Social Exclusion’. In British Football and Social Exclusion, ed. S. Wagg, 26–46. London: Routledge, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Critcher, C. ‘Football Since the War’. In Working-class Culture: Studies in History and Theory, ed. J. Clarke, C. Critcher and R. Johnson, 161–184. London: Routledge, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Digel, H., and V. Burk. ‘Zur Entwicklung des Fernsehsports in Deutschland [On the Development of TV Sport in Germany]’. Sportwissenschaft 29 (1999): 22–41.
   Google Scholar
• Dubai, S. ‘The Neoliberalization of Football: Rethinking Neoliberalism through the Commercialization of the Beautiful Game’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 45 (2010): 123–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, V. ‘The Sociology of Football: A Research Agenda for the 1990s’. The Sociological Review 39 (1991): 627–645.10.1111/j.1467-954X.1991.tb00870.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, V. ‘Local Tradition Versus Globalisation: Resistance to the McDonaldisation and Disneyisation of Professional Football in England’. Football Studies 5 (2002): 5–23.
   Google Scholar
• Eggers, E. Fußball in der Weimarer Republik [Football in the Weimar Republic]. Kassel: Agon, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, C. ‘Deutschland [Germany]’. In Fußball, soccer, calcio. Ein englischer Sport auf seinem Weg um die Welt [The Spread of Football around the World 1863–2004], ed. C. Eisenberg, 94–129. München: DTV, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, C. ‘Der Weg des Fußballs um die Welt 1863–2004’. In Die lokal-globale Fußballkultur, ed. D.H. Jütting, 45–59. Münster: Waxmann, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• F.A. Premier League. National Fan Survey Report: 2005/06 Season. F.A. Premier League, 2006. http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/fan-surveys/national-fan-survey-2005-06.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• F.A. Premier League. National Fan Survey Summary Report: 2007/08 Season. F.A. Premier League, 2008. http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/fan-surveys/national-fan-survey-2007-08.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fishwick, N. English Football and Society, 1910–1950. Manchester, NH: Manchester University Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Fürtjes, O. ‘Der Fußball und seine Kontinuität als schichtenübergreifendes Massenphänomen in Deutschland [Football an its Continuity as a Classless Mass Phenomenon in Germany]’. SportZeiten 12 (2012): 55–72.
   Google Scholar
• Fürtjes, O. ‘Gentrifizierung des Stadionpublikums seit den 1990er Jahren? Fußball und der Mythos vom Proletariersport [The Gentrification of Football Since the 1990s? The Myth of Football as a Working-class Sport]’. Sport und Gesellschaft 10 (2013): 27–54.
   Google Scholar
• Fürtjes, O., and J. Hagenah. ‘Der Fußball und seine Entproletarisierung. Zum sozialstrukturellen Wandel der Kickerleserschaft von 1954 bis 2005 [Football and the Decrease of Proletarianization - An Empirical Analysis to Explain the Change of the Social Focus of Football in Germany, Typiefied by the Readership of the Kicker-Sportmagazin from 1954 until 2005]’. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 63 (2011): 279–300.10.1007/s11577-011-0132-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabler, J. Die Ultras. Fußballfans und Fußballkulturen in Deutschland [The Ultras – Football Fans and Football Cultures in Germany]. Köln: PapyRossa, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Gehrmann, S. Fußball - Vereine - Politik. Zur Sportgeschichte des Reviers 1900–1940 [Football – Clubs – Politics. The History of Sport in the Ruhr Area 1900–1940], Essen: Hobbing, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Gehrmann, S. ‘Ein Schritt nach Europa: Zur Gründungsgeschichte der Fußballbundesliga [A Step Towards Europe: The Founding History of the Bundesliga]’. Sozial- und Zeitgeschichte des Sports 6 (1992): 7–37.
   Google Scholar
• Giulianotti, R. Football: A Sociology of the Global Game. Cambridge: Polity, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Giulianotti, R. ‘Supporters, Followers, Fans and Flaneurs: A Taxonomy of Spectator Identities in Football’. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 26 (2002): 25–46.10.1177/0193723502261003
   Google Scholar
• Großhans, G.-T. Fußball im deutschen Fernsehen [Football in German TV]. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Hagenah, J., and H. Meulemann. ‘Sozialer Wandel und Mediennutzung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Nutzung der Daten der Media-Analyse für Sekundäranalysen [Social Change and Media Use in Germany: Application of the Data from the Media-analysis for Secondary Analyses]’. In Sozialer Wandel und Mediennutzung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ed. J. Hagenah and H. Meulemann, 7–15. Münster: Lit, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Hering, H. Im Land der 1000 Derbys. Die Fußballgeschichte des Ruhrgebiets [In the Land of the 1000 Derbys. The History of Football in the Ruhr Area]. Göttingen: Die Werkstatt, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, R., and T. Mason. Sport in Britain, 1945-2000. Oxford: Wiley, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• King, A. ‘New Directors, Customers, and Fans: The Transformation of English Football in the 1990s’. Sociology of Sport Journal 14 (1997): 224–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. ‘The Lads: Masculinity and the New Consumption of Football’. Sociology 31 (1997): 329–346.10.1177/0038038597031002008
   Google Scholar
• King, A. The End of the Terrace. London: Leicester University Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• König, T. Fankultur. Eine soziologische Studie am Beispiel des Fußballfans [Fan Culture. A Sociological Study on the Example of the Football Fan]. Münster: Lit, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Lash, S., and J. Urry. The End of Organised Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Leder, D. ‘Vom Verlust der Distanz. Die Geschichte der Fußballübertragungen im deutschen Fernsehen [On the Loss of Distance. The History of TV Football in Germany]’. In Die Visualisierung des Sports in den Medien, ed. T. Schierl, 40–81. Köln: von Halem, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Lenhard, M. Vereinsfußball und Identifikation in Deutschland: Phänomene zwischen Tradition und Postmoderne [Club Football and Identification in Germany: Phenomena between Tradition and Postmodernity]. Hamburg: Kovac, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Lindner, R., and H.T. Breuer. ‘Sind doch nicht alles Beckenbauers’. Zur Sozialgeschichte des Fußballs im Ruhrgebiet [Not all of us are Beckenbauers. The Social History of Football in the Ruhr Area]. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Luh, A. ‘Fußball als Massenphänomen und Faszinosum der Weimarer Zeit – Verbreitung, Organisation und Konfliktpotenziale [Football as a Fascinating Mass Phenomenon during the Weimar Period - Spreading, Organization and Conflict Potential]’. SportZeiten 6 (2006): 7–70.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm, D. ‘Football Business and Football Communities in the Twenty-first Century’. Soccer & Society 1 (2000): 102–113.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm, D., I. Jones, and I. Waddington. ‘The People’s Game? Football Spectatorship and Demographic Change’. Soccer & Society 1 (2000): 129–143.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, T. Association Football & English Society 1863–1915. Sussex: Harvester, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Mellor, G. ‘The Social and Geographical Make-up of Football Crowds in the North-West of England, 1946–1962: ‘Super-Clubs’, Local Loyalty and Regional Identities’. The Sports Historian 19 (1999): 25–42.10.1080/17460269909445818
   Google Scholar
• Merkel, U. ‘Football Fans and Clubs in Germany: Conflicts, Crises and Compromises’. Soccer & Society 13 (2012): 359–376.
   Google Scholar
• Nash, R. ‘Contestation in Modern English Professional Football’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 35 (2000): 465–486.10.1177/101269000035004002
   Google Scholar
• Pfaff, S.M. ‘Erlebniswelt Fußball-Arena [The Football Stadium as a World of Experiences]’. In Sportmanagement, ed. A. Krüger and A. Dreyer, 212–245. München: Oldenbourg, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Redhead, S. Post-Fandom and the Millennial Blues: The Transformation of Soccer Culture. London: Routledge, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, D. Football and the English: A Social History of Association Football in England, 1863–1995. Preston: Carnegie, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze, G. Die Erlebnisgesellschaft. Kultursoziologie der Gegenwart [The Experience Society. The Sociology of Contemporary Civilization]. Frankfurt: Campus, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze-Marmeling, D. Der gezähmte Fußball. Zur Geschichte eines subversiven Sports [Tamed Football - The History of a Subversive Sport]. Göttingen: Die Werkstatt, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze-Marmeling, D. Fußball. Zur Geschichte eines globalen Sports [Football. The History of a Global Sport]. Göttingen: Die Werkstatt, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Schümer, D. Gott ist rund. Die Kultur des Fußballs [God is Round. The Culture of Football]. Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research. The FA Premier League National Fan Survey 2001. F.A. Premier League, 2002. http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/fan-surveys/national-fan-survey-2001-02.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Stollenwerk, H.J. Sport-Zuschauer-Medien [Sport – Spectators – Media]. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Lord J. The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster 15 April 1989: Final Report. London: HMSO, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. The Association Game: A History of British Football. Harlow: Pearson, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, I. ‘Soccer Consciousness and Soccer Hooliganism’. In Images of Deviance, ed. S. Cohen, 134–163. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, I. ‘“Football Mad”: A Speculative Sociology of Football Hooliganism’. In The Sociology of Sport: A Selection of Readings, ed. E. Dunning, 352–377. London: Cass & Co, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Tischler, S. Footballers and Businessmen. New York, NY: Holmes & Meier, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Vamplew, W. Pay Up and Play the Game. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.10.1017/CBO9780511560866
   Google Scholar
• Waddington, I., D. Malcolm, and R. Horak. ‘The Social Composition of Football Crowds in Western Europe: A Comparative Study’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 33 (1998): 155–169.10.1177/101269098033002003
   Google Scholar
• Wagg, S. The Football World: A Contemporary Social History. Brighton: Harvester, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Walvin, J. The People’s Game: The History of Football Revisited. Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. The Long Revolution. Hamondsworth: Penguin, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. ‘Der “Neue Fußball” in England und Sir John Hall’s neue “Geordie Nation” [The ‘New Football’ in England and Sir John Hall's new ‘Geordie Nation’]’. In Fußball und Region in Europa, ed. S. Gehrmann, 239–280. Münster: Lit, 1999.
   Google Scholar