References
- Addo, P. (2006). Cross-border criminal activities in West Africa: Options for effective responses. Kofi Annan International Peace Keeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) Paper No.12.
- Akyeampong, E. (2005). Diaspora and drug trafficking in West Africa: A case study of Ghana. African Affairs, 104(416), 429–447.
- Alemika, E. (2013). The impact of organized crime on governance in West Africa. Abuja: Fredreich Ebert Stiftung. (edited). (Abuja, Nigeria).
- Aning, K., & Pokoo, J. (2014). Understanding the nature and threat of drug trafficking to national and regional security. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 3(1), 8, 1–13.
- Bernstein, H. (1999). Ghana's drug economy: Some preliminary data. Review of African Political Economy, 26(79), 13–32.
- Bewley-Taylor, D. (1999). The United States and international drug control, 1909-1997. London: Biddles.
- Bewley-Taylor, D. (2006). Getting high on the policy agenda: Europe, the U. S. And the future of the global drug prohibition regime. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 4(1), 27–53.
- Breton, E., Richard, L., & Gagnon, F. (2007). The role of health education in the policy change process: Lesson from tobacco control. Critical Public Health, 17(4), 351–364.
- Brown, D. (2013). The challenge of drug trafficking to democratic governance and human security in West Africa. Carlisle, PA: U.S Army War College Press.
- Bullington, B. (2004). Drug policy reform and its detractors: The United States as the elephant in the closet. Journal of Drug Issues, 34(3), 687–721.
- Capano, G. (2003). Administrative traditions and policy change: When policy paradigms matter: The case of Italian administrative reform during the 1990s. Public Administration, 81(4), 781–801.
- Capano, G., & Howlett, M. (2009). Introduction. In G. Capano, & M. Howlett (Eds.), European and North American policy change: Drivers and dynamics, (pp. 1–12). NY: Routledge.
- Cashore, B., & Howlett, M. (2007). Punctuating which equilibrium? Understanding thermostatic policy dynamics in Pacific northwest forestry. American Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 532–551.
- Chatwin, C. (2018). Step One: Acknowledge the failure of a war on drugs strategy and the harm it has caused. In C. Chatwin (Ed.), Towards more effective global drug policies (pp. 21–51). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Crow, D. A. (2010). Policy entrepreneurs, issue experts, and water rights policy change in Colorado. Review of Policy Research, 27(3), 299–315.
- Dhywood, J. (2011). World War-D: The case against prohibitionism. California: Columbia Communications Inc.
- Ellis, S. (2009). West Africa’s international drug trade. African Affairs, 108(431), 171–196.
- Gberie, L. (2015). Crime, violence and politics: Drug trafficking and counter narcotics policies in Mali and Guinea. A report published by the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence-Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 5, 2017, from https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Gberie-Mali-and-Guinea-final.pdf
- Gerber, J., & Jensen, E. (2001). The internationalization of U.S. Policy on illicit drug control. In J. Gerber & E. Jensen (Eds.), Drug war, American style: The internationalization of failed policy and its alternatives (pp. 1–18). New York: Garland Publishing.
- Hall, P. (1993). Policy paradigms, social learning, and the state: The case of economic policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics, 25(3), 275–296.
- Hausermann, S. (2009). Policy flexibility vs. Policy inertia: Coalitional dynamics in German pension reform. In G. Capano, & M. Howlett (Eds.), European and North American policy change: Drivers and dynamics, (pp. 43–67). NY: Routledge.
- Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2002). The policy effects of internationalization: A subsystem adjustment analysis of policy change. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 4(1), 31–50.
- Kingdon, J. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Boston: Little Brown and Company.
- Klantschnig, G., Dimova, M., & Cross, H. (2016). Africa and the drugs trade revisited (editorial). Review of African Political Economy, 43(148), 167–173.
- Klein, A. (1999). Nigeria and the drugs war. Review of African Political Economy, 26(79), 51–73.
- Kpadonou, C. (2017). Ghana in the process of reforming its drug law. West Africa Drug Policy Network. Retrieved from https://wadpn.blogspot.com/.
- Kumah-Abiwu, F. (2012). The dynamics of US narcotics policy change: Implications for the global narcotics regime. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing.
- Kumah-Abiwu, F. (2014a). The quest for global narcotics policy change: Does the United States matter? International Journal of Public Administration, 37(1), 53–64.
- Kumah-Abiwu, F. (2014b). The security challenges of drug trafficking in West Africa: Why agenda-setting matters. In S. Ewusi (Ed.), Peace building in sub-Saharan Africa: African perspectives (pp. 19–50). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations/University for Peace (UPEACE).
- Lindblom, C. (1959). The science of muddling through. Public Administration Review, 19(2), 79–88.
- Maria-Goretti, A. (2016). The new ECOWAS action plan on the drug problem in West Africa. A policy brief published in the International Drug Policy Consortium (p.1). Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://idpc.net/blog/2016/10/the-new-ecowas-action-plan-on-the-drug-problem-in-west-africa
- McGuire, P. (2010). Narcotics trafficking in West Africa: A governance challenge. Boston: Boston University.
- Mintrom, M., & Norman, P. (2009). Policy entrepreneurship and policy change. Policy Studies Journal, 37(4), 649–667.
- Mintrom, M., & Vergari, S. (1996). Advocacy coalitions, policy entrepreneurs, and policy change. Policy Studies Journal, 24(3), 420–434.
- Nadelmann, E. (1990). Global prohibition regimes: The evolution of norms in international society. International Organization, 44(4), 479–526.
- Ohemeng, F. (2015). Civil society and policy making in developing countries: Assessing the impact of think tanks on policy outcomes in Ghana. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 50(6), 667–682.
- O’Regan, D., & Thompson, P. (2013). Advancing stability and reconciliation in Guinea-Bissau. Washington, DC: Africa Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SpecialReport-Guinea-Bissau-JUN2013-EN.pdf.
- Shaw, M. (2015). Drug trafficking in Guinea-Bissau, 1998–2014: The evolution of an elite protection network. Journal of Modern African Studies, 53(3), 339–364.
- Skogstad, G. (2009). Internationalization and policy paradigm change. In G. Capano, & M. Howlett (Eds.), European and North American policy change: Drivers and dynamics, (pp. 91–115). NY: Routledge.
- Studlar, D. T. (2009). Tobacco control in Western Europe. In G. Capano, & M. Howlett (Eds.), European and North American policy change: Drivers and dynamics, (pp. 69–90). NY: Routledge.
- UNODC-World Drug Report. (2007). Cocaine trafficking in West Africa. Vienna. United Nations Publication.
- UNODC-World Drug Report. (2008). Drug trafficking as a security threat in West Africa. Vienna. United Nations Publication.
- UNODC-World Drug Report. (2013). Transnational organized crime in West Africa: A threat assessment. Vienna, Austria. United Nations Publication.
- UNODC-World Drug Report. (2014). Vienna, Austria. United Nations Publication Sales No E.14.XI.7.
- UNODC-World Drug Report. (2017). Vienna, Austria. United Nations Publication Sales No E.17.XI.6.
- UNODC-World Drug Report. (2018). Vienna, Austria. United Nations Publication Sales No E.18.XI.9.
- Van de Ven, A. H., & Poole, S. M. (1995). Explaining development and change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 510–540.
- Vulliamy, E. (2008). How a tiny West African country became the world’s first narco state. The Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/09/drugstrade.
- West Africa Commission on Drugs (WACD). (2014). Not just in transit: Drugs, the state and society in West Africa. Retrieved from http://www.wacommissionondrugs.org/.
- Wyler, L., & Nicolas, C. (2010). Illegal drug trade in Africa: Trends and US policy. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503563.