615
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Inclusion-moderation or political opportunity? Lessons from the case of Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, PAS)

References

  • Abbott, J. (2001). Vanquishing Banquo's ghost: The Anwar Ibrahim Affair and its impact on Malaysian politics. Asian Studies Review, 25(3), 285–308. doi: 10.1080/10357820108713311
  • Abdullah, W. J. (2016). Assessing party structures: Why some regimes are more authoritarian than others. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 70(5), 525–540. doi: 10.1080/10357718.2016.1151859
  • Abdullah, W. J. (2017). Conflating Muslim 'Conservatism' with 'Extremism': Examining the 'Merry Christmas' Saga in Singapore. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 37(3), 344–356. doi: 10.1080/13602004.2017.1379690
  • Al-Anani, K. (2012). Islamist parties post-Arab spring. Mediterranean Politics, 17(3), 466–472. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2012.725309
  • Aldrich, J. H. (2011). Why parties?: A second look. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Allers, C. (2013). Anwar Ibrahim: Evolution of a Muslim Democrat. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
  • Ashour, O. (2009). The De-radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist movements. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Aziz, A., & Shamsul, A. B. (2004). The religious, the plural, the secular and the modern: A brief critical survey on Islam in Malaysia. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 5(3), 341–356. doi: 10.1080/1464937042000288651
  • Bakar, M. A. (1991). External influences on contemporary islamic resurgence in Malaysia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 13(2), 220–228. doi: 10.1355/CS13-2E
  • Baran, Z. (2008). Turkey divided. Journal of Democracy, 19(1), 55–69. doi: 10.1353/jod.2008.0018
  • Browers, M. L. (2009). Political ideology in the Arab world: Accommodation and transformation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buehler, M. (2012). Revisiting the inclusion-moderation thesis in the context of decentralized institutions: The behavior of Indonesia's prosperous Justice Party in national and local politics. Party Politics, 19(2), 210–229. doi: 10.1177/1354068812462933
  • Camroux, D. (1996). State responses to Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia: Accommodation, Co-option, and confrontation. Asian Survey, 36(9), 852–868. doi: 10.2307/2645535
  • Cavatorta, F., & Merone, F. (2013). Moderation through exclusion? The journey of the Tunisian Ennahda from fundamentalist to conservative party. Democratization, 20(5), 857–875. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2013.801255
  • Chin, J. (1997). Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Sarawak, Sabah and Kelantan. Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 35(2), 96–120. doi: 10.1080/14662049708447747
  • Chin, J. (2010). The rise of Najib and 1Malaysia. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2010, 164–179. doi: 10.1355/SEAA10K
  • Clark, J. A. (2006). The conditions of Islamist moderation: Unpacking cross-ideological cooperation in Jordan. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 38(4), 539–560. doi: 10.1017/S0020743806412460
  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York, NY: Harper.
  • Driessen, M. D. (2012). Public religion, democracy, and Islam: Examining the moderation thesis in Algeria. Comparative Politics, 44(2), 171–189. doi: 10.5129/001041512798838049
  • Felker, G. (1999). Malaysia in 1998: A cornered tiger bares its claws. Asian Survey, 39(1), 43–54. doi: 10.2307/2645593
  • Gurses, M. (2014). Islamists, democracy and Turkey: A test of the inclusion-moderation hypothesis. Party Politics, 20(4), 646–653. doi: 10.1177/1354068812448688
  • Hallaq, W. B. (2009). Shari'a: Theory, practice, transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hardy, R. (2010). The Muslim Revolt: A journey through political Islam . New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Hudson, M. C. (1977). Arab politics: The search for legitimacy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Jaffrelot, C. (2013). Refining the moderation thesis. Two religious parties and Indian democracy: The Jana Sangh and the BJP between Hindutva Radicalism and coalition politics. Democratization, 20(5), 876–894. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2013.801256
  • Kalyvas, S. N. (2000). Commitment problems in emerging democracies: The case of religious parties. Comparative Politics, 32(4), 379–398. doi: 10.2307/422385
  • Khoo, B. T. (2000). The Malaysian General Election of 29 November. Australian Journal of Political Science, 35(2), 305–311. doi: 10.1080/713649324
  • Kubikova, N. (2009). Political inclusion as a key factor to moderate Islamists: The international community's choice of policy impacts on Hamas's Pragmatic or radical tendencies. Perspectives, 17(2), 139–161.
  • Kuru, A. T. (2007). Passive and assertive secularism: Historical conditions, ideological struggles, and state policies toward religion. World Politics, 59(4), 568–594. doi: 10.1353/wp.2008.0005
  • Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010). Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Liow, J. C. (2004). Political Islam in Malaysia: Problematising discourse and practice in the UMNO–PAS ‘Islamisation race’. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 42(2), 184–205. doi: 10.1080/1466204042000299254
  • Liow, J. C. (2009). Piety and politics: Islamism in contemporary Malaysia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Mauzy, D. K., & Milne, R. S. (1983–1984). The Mahathir administration in Malaysia: Discipline through Islam. Pacific Affairs, 56(4), 617–648. doi: 10.2307/2758595
  • Means, G. P. (1996). Soft authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore. Journal of Democracy, 7(4), 103–117. doi: 10.1353/jod.1996.0065
  • Mohamad, M. (2008). Malaysia – Democracy and the end of ethnic politics? Australian Journal of International Affairs, 62(4), 441–459. doi: 10.1080/10357710802480691
  • Mueller, D. M. (2014). Islam, politics and youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Nasr, S. V. R. (1995). Democracy and Islamic Revivalism. Political Science Quarterly, 110(2), 261–285. doi: 10.2307/2152362
  • Nasr, S. V. R. (2001). Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the making of state power. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Noor, F. A. (2003). Blood, sweat and Jihad: The radicalization of the political discourse of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) from 1982 onwards. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25(2), 200–232. doi: 10.1355/CS25-2B
  • Norris, P. (1997). Choosing electoral systems: Proportional, majoritarian and mixed systems. International Political Science Review, 18(3), 297–312. doi: 10.1177/019251297018003005
  • O'Donell, G. A. (1994). Delegative democracy. Journal of Democracy, 5(1), 55–69. doi: 10.1353/jod.1994.0010
  • Ong, E., & Mou, H. T. (2014). Singapore’s 2011 General Elections and beyond: Beating the PAP at its Own Game. Asian Survey, 54(4), 749–772. doi: 10.1525/as.2014.54.4.749
  • Osman, M. N. M. (2014). Salafi Ulama in UMNO: Political convergence or expediency? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 36(2), 206–231. doi: 10.1355/cs36-2b
  • Pahwa, S. (2017). Pathways of Islamist adaptation: The Egyptian Muslim brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory. Democratization, 24(6), 1066–1084. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2016.1273903
  • Palsikar, S. (2015). The BJP and Hindu Nationalism: Centrist politics and majoritarian impulses. South Asia: Journal of Asian Studies, 38(4), 719–735. doi: 10.1080/00856401.2015.1089460
  • Roff, W. R. (1998). Patterns of Islamization in Malaysia, 1890s-1990s: Exemplars, institutions, and vectors. Journal of Islamic Studies, 9(2), 210–228. doi: 10.1093/jis/9.2.210
  • Saat, N. (2014). The Ulama, thought-styles, and the Islamic State Debate in contemporary Malaysia. Studia Islamika, 21(1), 47–76. doi: 10.15408/sdi.v21i1.878
  • Saravanamuttu, J. (1996). Malaysia's Foreign Policy in the Mahathir period, 1981–1995: An Iconoclast come to rule. Asian Journal of Political Science, 4(1), 1–16. doi: 10.1080/02185379608434069
  • Saravanamuttu, J. (2016). Power sharing in a divided nation: Mediated communalism and new politics in Six decades of Malaysia's elections. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Sartori, G. (1976). Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schottmann, S. A. (2011). The pillars of 'Mahathir's Islam': Mahathir Mohamad on being-Muslim in the modern world. Asian Studies Review, 35(3), 355–372. doi: 10.1080/10357823.2011.602663
  • Schwedler, J. (2006). Faith in moderation: Islamist parties in Jordan and Yemen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schwedler, J. (2011). Can Islamists become moderates? Rethinking the inclusion-moderation hypothesis. World Politics, 63(2), 347–376. doi: 10.1017/S0043887111000050
  • Singh, B. (2009). Malaysia in 2008: The elections that broke the Tiger's Back. Asian Survey, 49(1), 156–165. doi: 10.1525/as.2009.49.1.156
  • Somer, M. (2014). Moderation of religious and secular politics, a country's 'centre' and democratization. Democratization, 21(2), 244–267. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2012.732069
  • Stark, J. (2004). Constructing an Islamic model in Two Malaysian states: PAS rule in Kelantan and Terengganu. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 19(1), 51–75. doi: 10.1355/SJ19-1C
  • Tan, E. K. B. (2001). From Sojourners to citizens: Managing the ethnic Chinese minority in Indonesia and Malaysia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(6), 949–978. doi: 10.1080/01419870120077922
  • Tepe, S. (2005). Religious parties and democracy: A comparative assessment of Israel and Turkey. Democratization, 12(3), 283–307. doi: 10.1080/13510340500126731
  • Tezcur, G. M. (2010). The moderation theory revisited: The case of Islamic political actors. Party Politics, 16(1), 69–88. doi: 10.1177/1354068809339536
  • Tibi, B. (2008). Why they can't be democratic. Journal of Democracy, 19(3), 43–48. doi: 10.1353/jod.0.0002
  • Ting, H. M. H. (2016). The politics of Hudud Law Implementation in Malaysia. ISEAS Working Paper, 4, 1–17.
  • Tomsa, D. (2012). Moderating Islamism in Indonesia: Tracing patterns of party change in the Prosperous Justice Party. Political Research Quarterly, 65(3), 486–498. doi: 10.1177/1065912911404566
  • Turam, B. (2007). Between Islam and the state: The politics of engagement. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Wain, B. (2009). Malaysian Maverick : Mahathir Mohamad in turbulent times. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Weiss, M. L. (2000). The 1999 Malaysian General Elections: Issues, insults, and irregularities. Asian Survey, 40(3), 413–435. doi: 10.2307/3021154
  • Welsh, B. (2013). Malaysia's elections: A step backward. Journal of Democracy, 24(4), 136–150. doi: 10.1353/jod.2013.0066
  • Wickham, C. R. (2013). The Muslim brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Yadav, S. P. (2010). Understanding ‘What Islamists Want': Public debates and contestations in Lebanon and Yemen. Middle East Journal, 64(2), 199–213. doi: 10.3751/64.2.12
  • Yavuz, M. H. (2009). Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zahid, M., & Medley, M. (2006). Muslim brotherhood in Egypt & Sudan. Review of African Political Economy, 33(110), 693–708. doi: 10.1080/03056240601119273

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.