530
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Managing multilingualism on state websites: how institutional employees explain language choice

ORCID Icon
Pages 98-116 | Received 16 Nov 2016, Accepted 19 Sep 2017, Published online: 26 Oct 2017

References

  • Androutsopoulos, J. (2009). Policing practices in heteroglossic mediascapes: A commentary on interfaces. Language Policy, 8(3), 285–290. doi: 10.1007/s10993-009-9142-y
  • BaldaufJr, R. B. (2006). Rearticulating the case for micro language planning in a language ecology context. Current Issues in Language Planning, 7(2–3), 147–170. doi: 10.2167/cilp092.0
  • Barakos, E. (2012). Language policy and planning in urban professional settings: Bilingualism in Cardiff businesses. Current Issues in Language Planning, 13(3), 167–186. doi: 10.1080/14664208.2012.722374
  • Berezkina, M. (2016). “Language is a costly and complicating factor”: A diachronic study of language policy in the virtual public sector. Language Policy. doi:10.1007/s10993-016-9422-2
  • Berezkina, M. (2017). Russian in Estonia’s public sector: “Playing on the borderline” between official policy and real-life needs. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 20(4), 417–427. doi: 10.1080/13670050.2015.1115004
  • Blackledge, A. (2005). Discourse and power in a multilingual world. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Blommaert, J., Kelly-Holmes, H., Lane, P., Leppänen, S., Moriarty, M., Pietikäinen, S., & Piirainen-Marsh, A. (2009). Media, multilingualism and language policing: An introduction. Language Policy, 8, 203–207. doi: 10.1007/s10993-009-9138-7
  • Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. (G. Raymond & M. Adamson, Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Central Government Communication Policy. (2009). Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/central-government-communication-policy/id582088/
  • De Swaan, A. (2001). Words of the world: The global language system. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Duchêne, A., Moyer, M., & Roberts, C. (2013). Language, migration, and social inequalities. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • European Commission. (2016). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/progress-country
  • Extra, G., & Gorter, D. (2008). The constellation of languages in Europe: An inclusive approach. In G. Extra, & D. Gorter (Eds.), Multilingual Europe: Facts and policies (pp. 3–60). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Gazzola, M. (2006). Managing multilingualism in the European Union: Language policy evaluation for the European parliament. Language Policy, 5(4), 395–419. doi: 10.1007/s10993-006-9032-5
  • Grepstad, O. (2015). Language facts 2015. A story about languages in Norway and the world through 800 tables. Ørsta: Aasentunet (In Norwegian).
  • Grin, F. (1997). Managing European multilingualism: An economic approach to the problem of choice. Sociolinguistica, 11, 1–15 (In French). doi: 10.1515/9783110245165.1
  • Hornberger, N. H., & Johnson, D. C. (2007). Slicing the onion ethnographically: Layers and spaces in multilingual language education policy and practice. Tesol Quarterly, 41, 509–532. doi: 10.1002/j.1545-7249.2007.tb00083.x
  • Indrebø Ims, I. (2007). It is us who decide the way people speak and write. A study of Norwegian newspapers’ normative principles and practice regarding language (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Oslo (In Norwegian).
  • Irvine, J. T., & Gal, S. (2000). Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. Kroskrity (Ed.), Regimes of language (pp. 35–83). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
  • Jernudd, B. H., & Neustupný, J. V. (1987). Language planning: For whom. In Proceedings of the international colloquium on language planning (pp. 69–84). Québec: Les Presses de l’Université Laval.
  • Johnson, D. C. (2011). Critical discourse analysis and the ethnography of language policy. Critical Discourse Studies, 8(4), 267–279. doi: 10.1080/17405904.2011.601636
  • Johnson, D. C. (2015). Intertextuality and language policy. In F. M. Hult & D. C. Johnson (Eds.), Research methods in language policy and planning: A practical guide (pp. 166–180). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Johnson, D. C., & Johnson, E. J. (2015). Power and agency in language policy appropriation. Language Policy, 14(3), 221–243. doi: 10.1007/s10993-014-9333-z
  • Jones, R. H., & Hafner, C. A. (2012). Understanding digital literacies: A practical introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Kelly-Holmes, H. (2014). Linguistic fetish: The sociolinguistics of visual multilingualism. In D. Machin (Ed.), Visual communication (pp. 135–151). Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Kochenov, D., & de Varennes, F. (2015). Language and law. In F. M. Hult & D. C. Johnson (Eds.), Research methods in language policy and planning: A practical guide research (pp. 56–66). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Koskinen, K. (2013). Social media and the institutional illusions of EU communication. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 23(1), 80–92. doi: 10.1111/ijal.12018
  • Laakso, J., & Sarhimaa, A. (2016). Towards openly multilingual policies and practices: Assessing minority language maintenance across Europe. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Language Act. (2011). Retrieved from www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/506112013016/
  • Liddicoat, A. J. (2013). Language-in-education policies: The discursive construction of intercultural relations (Vol. 153). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Mac Síthigh, D. (2015). Because the computer speaks English? Language rights and digital media. Journal of Media Law, 7(1), 65–84. doi: 10.1080/17577632.2015.1059605
  • May, S. (2015). Language rights and language policy: Addressing the gap (s) between principles and practices. Current Issues in Language Planning, 16(4), 355–359. doi: 10.1080/14664208.2014.979649
  • Mæhlum, B. (2007). Confrontations: When languages meet. Oslo: Novus Forlag (In Norwegian).
  • McCarty, T. L. (Ed.). (2011). Ethnography and language policy. London: Routledge.
  • Ministry of Culture. (2014). The strategy of integration and social cohesion in Estonia 2020. Retrieved from http://www.kul.ee/et/valdkondlik-arengukava-loimuv-eesti-2020 (In Estonian).
  • Mållova. (1980). Retrieved from https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1980-04-11-5
  • Nekvapil, J. (2006). From language planning to language management. Sociolinguistica, 20, 92–104.
  • Nekvapil, J., & Sherman, T. (2013). Language ideologies and linguistic practices: The case of multinational companies in Central Europe. In E. Barát, P. Studer, & J. Nekvapil (Eds.), Ideological conceptualizations of language: Discourses of linguistic diversity (pp. 85–117). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
  • Nekvapil, J., & Sherman, T. (2015). An introduction: Language management theory in language policy and planning. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2015(232), 1–12. doi: 10.1515/ijsl-2014-0039
  • Pennycook, A. (2014). The cultural politics of English as an international language. New York: Routledge.
  • Phyak, P. (2015). (En) countering language ideologies: Language policing in the ideospace of Facebook. Language Policy, 14(4), 377–395. doi: 10.1007/s10993-014-9350-y
  • Pietikäinen, S., & Kelly-Holmes, H. (2013). Multilingualism and the periphery. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rannut, M. (2008). Estonianization efforts post-independence. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 11(3–4), 423–439. doi: 10.1080/13670050802148780
  • Ricento, T. K., & Hornberger, N. H. (1996). Unpeeling the onion: Language planning and policy and the ELT professional. Tesol Quarterly, 30(3), 401–427. doi: 10.2307/3587691
  • Røyneland, U. (2013). Norwegian language reforms in the 21st century. In T. Lohndal (Ed.), In search of universal grammar: From old norse to Zoque (pp. 53–76). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Ruíz, R. (1984). Orientations in language planning. NABE Journal, 8(2), 15–34. doi: 10.1080/08855072.1984.10668464
  • Sameloven. (1987). Retrieved from https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1987-06-12-56 (In Norwegian)
  • Sanden, G. R. (2016). Language management × 3: A theory, a sub-concept, and a business strategy tool. Applied Linguistics, 37(4), 520–535. doi: 10.1093/applin/amu048
  • Schiffman, H. F. (1998). Linguistic culture and language policy. New York: Routledge.
  • Shohamy, E. G. (2006). Language policy: Hidden agendas and new approaches. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Siiner, M. (2016). University administrators as forced language policy agents. An institutional ethnography of parallel language strategy and practices at the University of Copenhagen. Current Issues in Language Planning, 17(3–4), 441–458. doi: 10.1080/14664208.2016.1204058
  • Simonsen Thingnes, J. (2015). Diversity in written Norwegian: Language management, norm breaking and language attitudes (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Oslo. (In Norwegian).
  • Spolsky, B. (2004). Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spolsky, B. (2009). Language management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spolsky, B. (2012). The Cambridge handbook of language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Statistics Estonia. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.stat.ee/en
  • Statistics Norway. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.ssb.no/en
  • Tollefson, J. W. (2006). Critical theory in language policy. In T. Ricento (Ed.), An introduction to language policy: Theory and method (pp. 42–59). Maiden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Vaara, E., Tienari, J., & Laurila, J. (2006). Pulp and paper fiction: On the discursive legitimation of global industrial restructuring. Organization Studies, 27(6), 789–813. doi: 10.1177/0170840606061071
  • Verschik, A. (2005). The language situation in Estonia. Journal of Baltic Studies, 36(3), 283–316. doi: 10.1080/01629770500000111

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.