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American Nineteenth Century History Volume 25, 2024 - Issue 1
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Articles

“If you kill him, you have got to kill me first”: examining individual and collective loyalties during the Memphis Massacre (1866)

Lewis KimberleyDepartment of Humanities, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKCorrespondence[email protected]
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Pages 45-68 | Published online: 03 May 2024

Bibliography

Primary

Governmental documents and affidavits

Contemporary books and documents

  • Johnson, Andrew. The Papers of Andrew Johnson: Volume 10, February-July 1866. Edited by Paul H. Bergeron, et al. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1992.
  • Wells Brown, William. The Negro in the American Rebellion: His Heroism and His Fidelity. Boston, MA: Lee & Shepard, 1867.

Secondary

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  • Berkeley, Kathleen C. “‘Like a Plague of Locust’: Immigration and Social Change in Memphis, Tennessee 1850-1880.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1980.
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  • Carriere, Marius. “An Irresponsible Press: Memphis Newspapers and the 1866 Riot.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 60, no. 1 (2001): 2–15.
  • Carter, Dan T. When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South, 1865-1867. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985.
  • Cimbala, Paul A. Veterans North and South: The Transition from Soldier to Civilian After the American Civil War. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2015.
  • Crowe, Charles. “Racial Massacre in Atlanta: September 22, 1906.” The Journal of Negro History 54, no. 2 (1969): 150–173.
  • Egerton, Douglas R. The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America’s Most Progressive Era. London: Bloomsbury Press, 2015.
  • Fine, Gary Alan, and Patricia A. Turner. Whispers on the Color Line: Rumor and Race in America. London: University of California Press, 2001.
  • Fitzgerald, Michael W. Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2007.
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  • Frye Jacobson, Matthew. Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917. New York: Hill and Wang, 2000.
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  • Giesberg, Judith. “‘A Muster-Roll of the American People’: The 1870 Census, Voting Rights, and the Postwar South.” Journal of Southern History 87, no. 1 (2021): 35–66.
  • Gilbert Ryan, James. “The Memphis Riots of 1866: Terror in a Black Community During Reconstruction.” The Journal of Negro History 62, no. 3 (1977): 243–257.
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  • Gleeson, David T. The Irish in the South 1815-1877. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
  • Gossett, Thomas F. Race: The History of an Idea in America. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Hahn, Steven. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.
  • Hammond Moore, John. “The Norfolk Riot: 16 April 1866.” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 90, no. 2 (1982): 155–164.
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  • Higham, John. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925. 4th ed. London: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
  • Hollandsworth, Jr., James G. An Absolute Massacre: The New Orleans Race Riot of July 30, 1866. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
  • Holmes, Jack D. L. “The Effects of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866.” West Tennessee Historical Society Papers XI (1958): 58–79.
  • Holmes, Jack D. L. “The Underlying Causes of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 17, no. 3 (1958): 195–221.
  • Hope Franklin, John. Reconstruction After the Civil War. 3rd ed. London: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
  • Ignatiev, Noel. How the Irish Became White. London: Routledge, 2009.
  • Keller, Simon. The Limits of Loyalty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Kenny, Kevin. The American Irish: A History. London: Longman, 2000.
  • Lang, Andrew F. In the Wake of War: Military Occupation, Emancipation, and Civil War America. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017.
  • Levine, Lawrence W. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. London: Oxford University Press, 1978.
  • Lonn, Ella. Foreigners in the Confederacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
  • Lovett, Bobby L. “Memphis Riots: White Reaction to Blacks in Memphis, May 1865-July 1866.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 38, no. 1 (1979): 9–33.
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  • McKitrick, Eric L. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  • McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Meek Hennessey, Melinda. “To Live and Die in Dixie: Reconstruction Race Riots in the South.” PhD diss., Kent State University, Ohio, 1978.
  • Nagler, Jörg. “Loyalty and Dissent: The Home Front in the American Civil War.” In On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unifcation, 1861-1871, edited by Stig Förster and Jörg Nadler, 329–355. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Newby, Cassandra L. “‘The World Was All Before Them’: A Study of the Black Community in Norfolk, Virginia, 1861-1884.” PhD diss., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1992.
  • Parramore, Thomas C., Peter C. Stewart, and Tommy L. Bogger. Norfolk: The First Four Centuries. London: University Press of Virginia, 1994.
  • Perman, Michael. Reunion Without Compromise: The South and Reconstruction, 1865-1868. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
  • Prince, K. Stephen. Stories of the South: Race and the Reconstruction of Southern Identity, 1865-1915. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
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  • Rable, George C. But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. 2nd ed. London: University of Georgia Press, 2007.
  • Rable, George C. Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
  • Richardson, Joe M. “The Memphis Race Riot and Its Aftermath: Report by a Northern Missionary.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 24, no. 1 (1965): 63–69.
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  • Walker, Barrington. “‘This is the White Man’s Day’: The Irish, White Racial Identity, and the 1866 Memphis Riots.” Left History 5, no. 2 (1997): 31–55.
  • Waller, Altina L. “Community, Class and Race in the Memphis Riot of 1866.” Journal of Social History 18, no. 2 (1984): 233–246.
  • Wertenbaker, Thomas J., and Marvin W Schlegal. Norfolk: Historic Southern Port. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1962.
  • Williams, Kidada E. I Saw Death Coming: A History of Terror and Survival in the War against Reconstruction. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023.

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