INTRODUCTION

References

• Agarwala , Rina. 2006 . From work to welfare: Informal workers in India . Critical Asian Studies , 38 ( 4 ) : 419 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardhan , Pranab. 1984 . The political economy of development in India , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Bardhan , Pranab. 2001 . “ Sharing the spoils: Group equity, development and democracy ” . In The Success of India's Democracy , Edited by: Kohli , A. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bardhan , Pranab K. and Rudra , Ashok . 2003 . “ Thinking left: Totems and taboos of left mythology ” . In Poverty, agrarian structure, and political economy in India: Selected essays , Edited by: Pranab , K. Bardhan . New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Basu , Amrita and Kohli , Atul . 1998 . Community conflicts and the state in India , Edited by: Basu , Amrita and Kohli , Atul . Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baviskar , Amita. 1995 . In the belly of the river: Tribal conflicts over development in the Narmada Valley , Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baviskar , Amita. 2005 . “ Red in tooth and claw? Looking for class in struggles over nature ” . In Social movements in India: Poverty, power, and politics , Edited by: Ray , R. and Katzenstein , M. Lanham, Md : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , Gary. 1976 . Economic approach to human behavior , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bhaduri , A. 1986 . Persistence and polarization: A study in the dynamics of agrarian contradiction . Journal of Peasant Studies , 13 ( 3 ) : 82 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass , Tom. 1995 . New farmers movements in India , Edited by: Brass , Tom. London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Byres , T. J. 1981 . The new technology, class formation and class action in the Indian countryside . Journal of Peasant Studies , 8 ( 4 ) : 405 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candland , Christopher. 2007 . Working class solidarity in Pakistan . Critical Asian Studies , 39 ( 1 ) March forthcoming
   Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty , Dipesh. 2000 . Rethinking working-class history , Princeton, N.J : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chandra , Kanchan. 2004 . Why ethnic parties succeed , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chandravarkar , Rajnarayan. 1994 . The origins of industrial capitalism in India: Business strategies and the working classes in Bombay, 1900–40 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chibber , Vivek. 2003 . Locked in place: State-building and late industrialization in India , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chibber , Vivek. 2006 . On the decline of class analysis in South Asian studies . Critical Asian Studies , 38 ( 4 ) : 357 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbridge , Stuart and Harriss , John . 2000 . Reinventing India , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Correspondents . 2005 . Class matters , New York City : Henry Holt .
   Google Scholar
• Deaton , Angus and Drèze , Jean . 2002 . Poverty and inequality in India: A re-examination . Economic and Political Weekly , 7 September : 3729 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Dirks , N. B. 2001 . Castes of mind: Colonialism and the making of modern India , Princeton, N.J : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Drèze , Jean and Sen , Amartya . 1996 . Indian development , Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dryzek , John. 1997 . The politics of the earth , NewYork : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , Richard M. 2000 . Essays on Islam and Indian history , New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elster , Jon. 1985 . Making sense of Marx , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes , Leela and Heller , Patrick . 2006 . Hegemonic Aspirations: New Middle Class Politics and India's Democracy in Comparative Perspective . Critical Asian Studies , 38 ( 4 ) : 495 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , Paul. 1961 . The economic role of unions in less developed areas . Monthly Labor Review , 84 ( 9 ) : 951 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , Thomas. 2004 . What's the Matter with Kansas? How ConservativesWon the Heart of America , New York : Metropolitan Books .
   Google Scholar
• Frankel , Francine R. and Rao , M. S.A. 1989 . “ Vols. 1 and 2 ” . In Dominance and state power in modern India: Decline of a social order , Delhi and New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gaiha , R. 1996 . How dependent are the rural poor on the employment guarantee scheme in India? . Journal of Development Studies , 32 ( 5 ) : 669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgil , Madhav and Guha , Ramachandra . 1995 . Ecology and equity: The use and abuse of nature in contemporary India , New Delhi : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Gidwani , V. 2000 . “ Laboured landscapes: Agroecological change in central Gujarat, India ” . In Agrarian environments: Resources, representations and rule in India , Edited by: Agrawal , A. and Sivaramakrishnan , K. Durham : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• GOI (Government of India) . 2006 . “ Prime Minister Manmohan Singh address ” . Ed. P.M.O. Press Information Bureau . 13 April
   Google Scholar
• GOI, Registrar General of India . 2004 . Census 2004 , Ed. D.O.E. Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Greenblatt , Stephen. 2004 . Will in the world , New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Grusky , David B. and Jesper , B. Sorensen . 1998 . Can class analysis be salvaged? American Journal of Sociology . 103 : 1187 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Guha , Ramachandra. 2001 . An Anthropologist among the Marxists , New Delhi : Permanent Black .
   Google Scholar
• Guha , Ranajit. 1983 . Elementary aspects of peasant insurgency , Durham : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , Akhil. 1998 . Postcolonial developments: Agriculture in the making of modern India , Durham : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , Ranjit Kumar. 2004 . The crimson agenda: Maoist protest and terror , Delhi : Wordsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Harriss , John. 1980 . “ Contemporary Marxist analysis of the agrarian question in India ” . In Discussion Paper , Madras : Madras Institute of Development Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Harriss , John. 1982 . Capitalism and peasant farming: Agrarian structure and ideology in Northern Tamil Nadu , New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harriss , John. 1994 . “ Between economism and post-modernism: Reflection on research on “agrarian change” in India ” . In Rethinking social development: Theory, research and practice , Edited by: David , Booth . Harlow : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Harriss , John. 2001 . Depoliticizing development: TheWorld Bank and social capital , New Delhi : Leftword .
   Google Scholar
• Harriss , John. 2003 . “ Do political regimes matter? Poverty reduction and regime differences across India ” . In Changing paths: The new politics of inclusion , Edited by: Houtzager , P. and Moore , M. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harriss , John. 2006a . Middle-class activism and the politics of the informal working class: A perspective on class relations and civil society in Indian cities . Critical Asian Studies , 38 ( 4 ) : 445 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harriss , John. 2006b . “ Postscript to the North Arcot Papers ” . In Power matters: Essays on institutions, politics and society , Edited by: Harriss , J. Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harriss-White , B. and Janakarajan , S. 2004 . Rural India facing the twenty-first century: Essays on long-term village change and recent development policy , London : Anthem Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hasan , Z. 1998 . Quest for power: Oppositional movements and post-Congress politics in Uttar Pradesh , Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heller , Patrick. 1999 . The labor of development: Workers and the transformation of capitalism in Kerala, India , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 1983 . Land to the tiller: The political economy of agrarian reform in South Asia , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 1985 . “ Economic consequences of local power configurations in South Asia ” . In Agrarian power and agricultural productivity , Edited by: Desai , M. , Rudolph , S. and Rudra , A. Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 1988 . “ Stealing Congress thunder: The rise to power of a communist movement in South India ” . In When parties fail , Edited by: Peter , Merkl and Kay , Lawson . Princeton, N.J : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 1999 . “ Embedded particularism: India's failed developmental state ” . In The developmental state , Edited by: Meredith , Woo-Cumings . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 2001a . “ Making ethnic conflict: The civil war in Sri Lanka ” . In Carrots, sticks and ethnic conflict: Rethinking development assistance , Edited by: Esman , M. J. and Herring , R. J. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 2001b . “ Contesting the “great transformation”: Local struggles with the market in South India ” . In Agrarian studies: Synthetic work at the cutting edge , Edited by: Scott , J. C. and Bhatt , N. New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 2002 . “ State property rights in nature (with special reference to India) ” . In Land, property and the environment , Edited by: Richards , J. F. Oakland : Institute of Contemporary Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 2003a . “ The political impossibility theorem of agrarian reform: Path dependence and terms of inclusion ” . In Changing paths: The new politics of inclusion , Edited by: Peter , Houtzager and Mick , Moore . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 2003b . “ Data as social product ” . In Q-squared: Combining Qualitative and quantitative methods in poverty appraisal , Edited by: Ravi , Kanbur . New Delhi : Permanent Black .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 2005 . “ Miracle seeds, suicide seeds and the poor: NGOs, GMOs and farmers ” . In Social movements in India: Poverty, power, and politics , Edited by: Ray , R. and Katzenstein , M. Lanham, Md : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. 2006 . Why did “Operation Cremate Monsanto” fail? Science and class in India's great terminator-technology hoax . Critical Asian Studies , 38 ( 4 ) : 467 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. “ From “fanaticism” to power: Deep roots of Kerala's agrarian exceptionalism ” . In Speaking of peasants: Essays on Indian history and politics in honor ofWalter Hauser , Edited by: William , Pinch . New Delhi : Manohar . Forthcoming a
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. “ Agrarian reform for a liberal pattern of society? Karnataka's land policy and poverty alleviation ” . In Development in Karnataka: Challenges of governance, equity and empowerment , Edited by: Kadekodi , G. , Kanbur , R. and Rao , V. New Delhi : Academic Foundation . Forthcoming b
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. “ Political ecology from landscapes to genomes: Science and interests ” . In Sage Handbook on Environment and Society , Edited by: Pretty , J. E.A. London : Sage Publications . Forthcoming c
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. and Rex , M. Edwards . 1983 . Guaranteeing employment to the rural poor: Social functions and class interests in the employment guarantee scheme in Western India . World Development , 11 ( 7 )
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. and Chardra , N. Mohan . 2001 . “ Economic crisis, momentary autonomy and policy reform: Liberalization in India, 199l–1995 ” . In The Post-colonial states of South Asia: Democracy, development and identity , Edited by: Shastri , A. and Wilson , A. J. London : Curzon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herring , Ronald J. and Milton , J. Esman . 2001 . “ Projects and policies, politics and ethnicities ” . In Carrots, sticks and ethnic conflict: Rethinking development assistance , Edited by: Ronald , J. Herring and Milton , J. Esman . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hutnyk , John. 2003 . The chapatti story: How hybridity as theory displaced Maoism as politics in subaltern studies . Contemporary South Asia , 12 ( 4 )
   Google Scholar
• John , Mary. 2005 . “ Feminism, poverty and the emergent social order ” . In Social movements in India: Poverty, power, and politics , Edited by: Ray , R. and Katzenstein , M. Lanham, Md : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Joshi , Sharad. 2001 . Unquiet on the western front . The Hindu, , Business Line. 19 December
   Google Scholar
• Kalyvas , Stathis N. 2006 . The logic of violence in civil war , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kanbur , Ravi. 2003 . Q-squared: Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in poverty appraisal , New Delhi : Permanent Black .
   Google Scholar
• Van Kennedy , D. 1958 . The conceptual and legislative framework of labor relations in India . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 11 ( 4 ) : 487 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohli , Atul. 1987 . The state and poverty in India: The politics of reform , Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krishna , Anirudh. 2002 . Active social capital: Tracing the roots of development and democracy , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krishna , Anirudh. 2003 . What is happening to caste? A view from some North Indian villages . Journal of Asian Studies , 62 ( 4 ) : 1171 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman , Paul. 2006 . Class war politics . New York Times , 19 June : A19
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg , Staffan. 1995 . Farmers' movements and cultural nationalism in India: An ambiguous relationship . Theory and Society , 24 (6 December)
   Google Scholar
• Marmot , Michael. G. 2006 . Status syndrome . Journal of the American Medical Association , 295 : 1304 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , Adrian. 1996 . “ At the threshold of untouchability: Pallars and valaiyars in a Tamil village ” . In Caste today , Edited by: Fuller , C. J. Delhi and New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn , O. 1993 . The transformation of authority in rural India . Modern Asian Studies , 27 : 805 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Mukhia , Harbans. 1999 . The feudalism debate , Edited by: Mukhia , Harbans. New Delhi : Manohar .
   Google Scholar
• Nanda , Meera. 2003 . Prophets facing backward , Delhi : Permanent Black .
   Google Scholar
• NSSO (National Sample Survey Organisation) . 2001 . “ Employment and unemployment situation in India, 1999–2000 ” . Calcutta : NSSO, Government of India .
   Google Scholar
• Omvedt , Gail. 1993 . Reinventing revolution: New social movements and the socialist tradition in India , Armonk, N.Y : M.E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Omvedt , Gail. 2005 . “ Farmers' movements and the debate on poverty and economic reforms in India ” . In Social movements in India: Poverty, power, and politics , Edited by: Ray , R. and Katzenstein , M. F. New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ost , David. 2005 . The defeat of solidarity: Anger and politics in postcommunist Europe , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Paige , J. M. 1975 . Agrarian revolution: Social movements and export agriculture in the underdeveloped world , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peluso , N. L. 1994 . Rich forests, poor people: Resource control and resistance in Java , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , Kevin. 1990 . The politics of rich and poor: Wealth and the American electorate in the Reagan aftermath , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Polanyi , Karl. 1957 . The great transformation , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Portes , Alejandro. 2000 . The resilient importance of class: A nominalist interpretation . Political Power and Social Theory , 14 : 333 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandran , V. K. 1996 . “ On Kerala's development achievments ” . In Indian development , Edited by: Jean , Dreze and Amartya , Sen . Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , Kenneth. 2002 . Social inequalities without class cleavages in Latin America's neoliberal era . Studies in Comparative International Development , 36 ( 4 ) : 3 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , Devparna , Ronald , J. Herring and Charles , C. Geisler . 2007 . Naturalizing transgenics: Loose seeds, official seeds, and risk in the decision matrix of Gujarati cotton farmers . Journal of Development Studies , 43 ( 1 ) January
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph , Lloyd I. and Susanne , Hoeber Rudolph . 1987 . In pursuit of Lakshmi: The political economy of the Indian state , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rueschemeyer , Dietrich , Evelyne , Huber Stephens and John , D. Stephens . 1992 . Capitalist development and democracy , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saradamoni , K. 1980 . Emergence of a slave caste , New Delhi : People's Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , James. 1985 . Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sinha , Aseema. 2005 . The regional roots of developmental politics in India: A divided leviathan , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sombart , W. 1976 . Why is there no socialism in the United States? , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• De Soto , Hernando. 2000 . The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz , Joseph E. 2002 . Globalization and its discontents , New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum , Emmanuel . 2006 . Was the Indian labor movement ever co-opted? Evaluating standard accounts . Critical Asian Studies , 38 ( 4 ) : 389 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum , Emmanuel. 2007 . In the grip of a green giant: How the rural sector defeated organized labor in India . Comparative Political Studies , July Forthcoming.
   Google Scholar
• Thorner , Alice. 1982 . Semi-feudalism or capitalism? Economic and Political Weekly . 17 ( 4 ) : 1961 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Tilly , Charles. 1995 . Globalisation threatens labor's rights . International Labor and Working-Class History , 47 : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilly , Charles and Tarrow , Sidney . 2006 . Contentious politics , Boulder, Colo : Paradigm .
   Google Scholar
• Vaidyanathan , A. 2006 . Farmers' suicides and the agrarian crisis . Economic and Political Weekly , 23 September : 4009
   Google Scholar
• Varshney , A. 1998 . Democracy, development, and the countryside: Urban-rural struggles in India , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wade , Robert. 1988 . Village republics: Economic conditions for collective action in South India , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Western , Bruce. 1995 . A comparative study of working-class disorganization: Union decline in eighteen advanced capitalist countries . American Sociological Review , 60 ( 2 ) : 179 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf , Eric. 1969 . Peasant wars of the twentieth century , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Woo-Cumings , Meredith. 1999 . The developmental state , Edited by: Woo-Cumings , Meredith. Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , Erik Olin. 1997 . Class counts: Comparative studies in class analysis , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , Erik Olin. 1997b . “ Rethinking once again the concept of class structure ” . In Reworking class , Edited by: Hall , J. R. Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar