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Original Articles

Peasants, plantations, and pulp: The politics of eucalyptus in Thailand

Pages 3-17 | Published online: 05 Jul 2019

References

  • Hirsch, Philip , 1990. Forests, Forest Reserve, and Forest Land in Thailand , Geographical Journal 156 (2) (1990), pp. 168–168, In 1985 National Reserve Forests covered 42 percent of Thailand's land area; additional forest land is contained in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
  • Uhlig, Harald , 1988. "Spontaneous and Planned Settlement in South-East Asia". In: Manshard, Walther , and Morgan, William , eds. Agricultural Expansion and Pioneer Settlements in the Humid Tropics . Tokyo: United Nations University; 1988. pp. 9–16, Philip Hirsch, “Deforestation and Development in Thailand,” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. 8, no. 2 (1987), pp. 130-38. For the role of the World Bank, see Grit Permtanjit, The Political Economy of Dependent Capitalist Development: A Study on the Limits of the Capacity of the State to Rationalize in Thailand (Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute, 1982).
  • Myers, Norman , 1989. Deforestation Rates in Tropical Forests and Their Climatic Implications . London: Friends of the Earth; 1989, Assuming 9 percent of this is protected, then perhaps 6 percent of the nonprotected area is forested. Even if we assume that all of this nonprotected forested area is in National Reserve Forests (NRFs), that would suggest that well over a quarter of the country's land area is degraded or unforested NRFs.
  • Riethmuller, Robert , "Differentiation and Dynamics of Land-Use Systems in a Mountain-Valley Environment". In: Agricultural Expansion . pp. 89–89, in Manshard and Morgan;In late 1989 Pairote Suwannakorn, the director general of the Royal Forestry Department, stated in public that 6 million people would have to be evicted from National Reserve Forests. The Land Distribution Project for the Poor in Degraded Forests under the military's Internal Security Operations Command envisages the resettlement of some 970,000 families from the reserves.
  • Samutwanit, Chai-anan , and Morell, David , 1981. Political Conflict in Thailand: Reform, Reaction and Revolution . Cambridge, MA: Gunn and Hill; 1981, Struggles between peasants and eucalyptus planters are also well known in India and Portugal. See Vandana Shiva, H.C. Sharatchandra, and J. Bandyopad-hyay, “Social Forestry-No Solution Within the Market,” Ecologist, vol. 12, no. 4 (1982); H. Lamb and S. Percy, “Indians Fight Eucalyptus Plantations on Commons,” New Scientist, 16 July 1987; Jill Joliffe, “Greens and Farmers Fight the Eucalyptus Tree,” Guardian (UK), 22 June 1989; Christopher Joyce, “The Tree That Started a Riot,” New Scientist, 18 Feb. 1988, pp. 51-61; Lars Kardell, Eliel Steen, and Antonio Fabiao, “Eucalyptus in Portugal-a Threat or a Promise?,” Ambio, vol. 15, no. 1 (1986), pp. 6-13..
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  • 1989. Naew Naa . Bangkok: mimeo; 1989, is Raw rak paa maai: roo rak roo raksaa paa maai khoo thai wai chua niran (We love the forest: we know to love it, we know to preserve it; forest together with Thailand for all time).
  • 1988. Teknoloyee thee maw som . Vol. 7. 1988, Appropriate technology, no. 2, For data confirming village reports of scant insect and other wildlife in eucalyptus plantations, see M.E.D. Poore and C. Fries, The Ecological Effects of Eucalyptus (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1985), pp. 48-49. Confirmation that even paddy-bund planting “is detrimental to the current agricultural production systems of some Northeastern agroecosystems” can be found in Iain A. Craig, Sasithorn Wasunan, and Manit Saenlao, “Effects of Paddy-Bund-Planted Eucalyptus Trees on the Performance of Field Crops,” paper presented at the Fifth Annual Farming Systems Conference, 4–7 Apr. 1988, Kamphaengsaen. The general Thai village picture of eucalyptus corresponds quite closely to that outlined in Vandana Shiva and J. Bandyopadhyay, Ecological Audit of Eucalyptus Cultivation (Dehra Dun, Thailand: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology, 1987), esp. p. 39.
  • Nectoux, Francois , and Kuroda, Yoichi , 1989. Timber from the South Seas . 1989. pp. 123–123, Gland: World Wide Fund for Nature;Japan International Cooperation Agency, Annual Reports: 1985, p. 45; 1986, p. 56; 1987, p. 57.
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  • Poyry, Jaakko , 1989. "Sia Kitti (Soon Hua Seng) sang lui". In: Prachachart thurakit . 1989, has served commercial logging, pulp-mill, and refinery and gasifier projects in Brazil and is a consultant to the Aracruz eucalyptus plantation currently being held up as a model for Thailand. In addition to logging, plantation, and pulp industries in dozens of other countries, it has also worked with PT Indorayon and transmigrasi operations in Indonesia, both of which have aroused opposition from environmentalist and human rights groups. The Jaakko Poyry-written Tropical Forest Action Plan exercise for Sri Lanka, meanwhile, drew such vociferous criticism from conservationists that it had to be withdrawn. See;(Kitti [Soon Hua Seng] orders the move ahead);Jaakko Poyry Projects (Helsinki: Jaakko Poyry, Nov. 1988); Know-How Wire (Jaakko Poyry client magazine), Jan. 1989; Ann Danaiya Usher, “The Shaping of a Master Plan,” Nation, 25 June 1990; and Ranjen Fernando and S.W.R. de A. Samarasinghe, eds., Forest Conservation and the Forestry Master Plan for Sri Lanka-a Review (Colombo: Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka, 1987).
  • Master Plan for Forestry Development in Thailand: Terms of Reference , (Bangkok: FINNIDA, 1989). Representatives of 214 nongovernmental organizations notified the Thai government on 1 August 1990 that they would refuse to participate in the plan, citing its bias toward commercial forestry and lack of recognition of the inequalities that have led to forest colonization (“NGOs Pull Out of Forestry Project,” Nation, 2 Aug. 1990).
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