“Your slavery is their liberty, your poverty is their prosperity”

References

• Gramsci, Antonio , and Hoare, Q. , 1973. Smith, G. Nowell , , ed. Selections from the Prison Notebooks . London: Lawrence and Wishart; 1973, As Chantal Moufee has pointed out, Gramsci did not at that time have the necessary theoretical tools at his disposal to deal with this “problem of ideology” adequately, but nowadays we are equipped, thanks to the development of disciplines such as linguistics and psychoanalysis, to deal with it in a far more rigorous fashion. See Chantal Moufee, “Hegemony and Ideology in Gramsci,” in Gramsci and Marxist Theory, ed. Chantal Moufee (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 168-204. It is interesting to note that one person who has worked on this theme from another perspective, Noam Chomsky, author of Manufacturing Consent (1988) and co-author of Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies (1989), is first and foremost a linguistics scholar.
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• Sues, Iona Ralf , 1944. Shark ‘s Fins and Millet . Boston: Little, Brown; 1944, cited in Sterling Seagrave, The Soong Dynasty (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 340. For example, the surplus value extracted from the Chinese mining and plantation workers through the sale and distribution of opium went into the Opium Reserve Replacement Fund to be used eventually as a buffer against any government deficit. See Nonini, p. 88.
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• the ideology of ethnic preference articulated in the New Economic Policy. . . . has provided the charter of legitimacy for UMNO rule . pp. 152–152, Nonini.
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• Ali, S. Husin , Beng, Tan Chee , Woon, Toh Kin , Yun, Hing Ai , Shari, Ishak , K.S., Jomo , and Muzzafar, Chandra , 1984. Ali, A. Husin , ed. Ethnicity, Class, and Development in Malaysia . Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia; 1984, This is a bilingual book..
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• Kessler, Clive , 1978. Islam and Politics in a Malay State: Kelantan, 1838–1969 . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1978.
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• Mohamed, Mahathir bin , 1970. The Malay Dilemma . Singapore: Federal Publications; 1970. pp. 8–12, Part of this passage graces the cover of Shamsul's book. Mahathir's book itself was banned by the Malaysian government and was only unbanned when its author took office some ten years later..
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• Castoriadis, Cornelius , and Thomas, Clive , 1988. "Socialism or Barbarism". In: Political and Social Writings. Volume 1, 1946–55: From the Critique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content of Socialism . Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press; 1988. pp. 76–106, Cornelius Castoriadis and Clive Y. Thomas, The Rise of the Authoritarian State in Peripheral Societies (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984). Castoriadis was then (1949) analyzing the so-called Communist parties in Eastern Europe; Thomas's “State for itself is closer to the Southeast Asia I have in mind. The predictive potential of both theorists is undiminished across space and time as the following chronology bears witness. In October 1987 Mahathir as the minister for home affairs, using the draconian Internal Security Act allowing indefinite detention without trial, gave the political security police, the Special Branch, a free hand in detaining 106 critics and closing down four independent newspapers. Since 1957 the Malay triumvirate of bureaucrats, aristocrats, and entrepreneurs has always headed the government. However, in retaliation for his aristocratic allies challenging his leadership in April 1987, Mahathir dumped them in February 1988 by excluding them when he reconstituted the Malay bourgeois faction in the ruling coalition as the New UMNO. Between March and August 1988, as minister for justice, he followed his open censure of the judiciary for interference with the way the executive exercises its right to implement laws with the firing of the Lord President of the Supreme Court and two other judges of the Supreme Court. In June 1989 he tightened his grip on the reins of power by having the Internal Security Act amended to finalize executive decisions on detentions so that the possibility of appeal to the law courts-hitherto a last resort-was ruled out.
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• Chomsky, Noam , 1988. Otero, C.P , ed. Language and Politics . Montreal: Black Rose Books; 1988. pp. 471–471.
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• Chomsky, Noam , 1985. Turning the Tide . Boston: MA: South End Press; 1985. pp. 47–47.
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• Hudson, Michael , 1972. Super Imperialism: The Economic Strategy of American Empire . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1972. pp. 170–173, The Sun Never Sets,” the title of a study by the American Friends Service Committee on the global infrastructure of U.S. overseas military bases, sums up this U.S. official attitude. See The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1991)..
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• Rieff, Philip , 1968. "Socialism and Sociology". In: Domhoff, William , Ballard, Hoyt , , ed. C. Wright Mills and the Power Elite . Boston: MA: Beacon Press; 1968. pp. 169–169.
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