Effect of freeze–thaw and wetting–drying cycles on the CBR, shear strength, stiffness and permanent deformation of crushed waste rocks

References

• AASHTO T307-99. (2017). Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soils and aggregate materials. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
   Google Scholar
• Aldaood, A., Bouasker, M., & Al-Mukhtar, M. (2014). Impact of wetting–drying cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of lime-stabilized gypseous soils. Engineering Geology, 174(5), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.03.002.
   Google Scholar
• Aldaood, A., Bouasker, M., & Al-Mukhtar, M. (2016). Effect of water during freeze–thaw cycles on the performance and durability of lime-treated gypseous soil. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 123(3), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.12.008.
   Google Scholar
• Araya, A. A., Huurman, M., Molenaar, A. A. A., & Houben, L. J. M. (2012). Investigation of the resilient behavior of granular base materials with simple test apparatus. Materials and Structures, 45(5), 695–705. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-011-9790-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM D1557-12e1. (2012). Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kn-m/m3)). ASTM International.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D1883-16. (2016). Standard test method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils. ASTM International.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D2487-17e1. (2017). Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM International.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D559/D559M-15. (2015). Standard test methods for wetting and drying compacted soil-cement mixtures. ASTM International.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D7181-20. (2020). Standard test method for consolidated drained triaxial compression test for soils. ASTM International.
   Google Scholar
• Bilodeau, J.-P., Doré, G., & Schwarz, C. (2011). Effect of seasonal frost conditions on the permanent strain behaviour of compacted unbound granular materials used as base course. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 12(5), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.552605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau, R. L. (2003). Repeatability of the resilient modulus test procedure. Resilient modulus testing for pavement components. ASTM International.
   Google Scholar
• Bozyurt, O., Keene, A., Tinjum, J., Edil, T., & Fratta, D. (2013). Freeze–thaw effects on stiffness of unbound recycled road base. In Katerina Koperna (Ed.), Mechanical properties of frozen soil (pp. 3–21). ASTM International.
   Google Scholar
• Broms, B. B., & Yao, L. Y. (1964). Shear strength of a soil after freezing and thawing. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 90(4), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000629
   Google Scholar
• Bussière, B. (2007). Colloquium 2004: Hydrogeotechnical properties of hard rock tailings from metal mines and emerging geoenvironmental disposal approaches. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44(9), 1019–1052. https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chittoori, B. C. S., Puppala, A. J., & Pedarla, A. (2018). Addressing clay mineralogy effects on performance of chemically stabilized expansive soils subjected to seasonal wetting and drying. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 144(1), 04017097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, Y., Jiang, Y., & Guo, C. (2019). Investigation of the initiation of shallow failure in widely graded loose soil slopes considering interstitial flow and surface runoff. Landslides, 16(4), 815–828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-01129-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, Y., Zhou, X., & Guo, C. (2017). Experimental study on the moving characteristics of fine grains in wide grading unconsolidated soil under heavy rainfall. Journal of Mountain Science, 14(3), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4303-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehn, M., Bürger, G., Buma, J., & Gasparetto, P. (2000). Impact of climate change on slope stability using expanded downscaling. Engineering Geology, 55(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00123-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domitrović, J., Rukavina, T., & Lenart, S. (2019). Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the resilient moduli and permanent deformation of rap/natural aggregate unbound base mixtures. Transportation Geotechnics, 18(3), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2018.11.008.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, R. A. (2016). Low-volume road engineering: Design, construction, and maintenance. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edil, T. B., & Cetin, B. (2018). Freeze-thaw performance of chemically stabilized natural and recycled highway materials. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 7(5), 482–491. http://www.scar.ac.cn/EN/10. 3724/SP.J.1226.2015.00482
   Google Scholar
• EN 13286-7. (2004). Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures–cyclic load triaxial test for unbound mixtures. British Standard Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Erlingsson, S. (2012). Rutting development in a flexible pavement structure. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 13(2), 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.682383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlingsson, S., Rahman, S., & Salour, F. (2017). Characteristic of unbound granular materials and subgrades based on multi stage RLT testing. Transportation Geotechnics, 13, 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertsema, M., Clague, J. J., Schwab, J. W., & Evans, S. G. (2006). An overview of recent large catastrophic landslides in northern British Columbia, Canada. Engineering Geology, 83(1), 120–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.06.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golder. (2019). Environmental impact assessment and environmental management programme report for the proposed Metsimaholo underground coal mine.
   Google Scholar
• Gullà, G., Mandaglio, M. C., & Moraci, N. (2006). Effect of weathering on the compressibility and shear strength of a natural clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43(6), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, C., Dong, Q., & Xu, X. (2021). Microstructural analysis on the variation of resilient modulus of lime modified soil under freezing–thawing action. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1924235
   Google Scholar
• Hao, S., & Pabst, T. (2021). Estimation of resilient behavior of crushed waste rocks using repeated load CBR tests. Transportation Geotechnics, 28(5), 100525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100525.
   Google Scholar
• He, J., & Chu, J. (2017). Cementation of sand due to salt precipitation in drying process. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 35(3), 441–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2016.1168498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotton, G., Bussière, B., Pabst, T., Bresson, É, & Roy, P. (2020). Influence of climate change on the ability of a cover with capillary barrier effects to control acid generation. Hydrogeology Journal, 28(2), 763–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02084-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, T., Lin, T., Kawabata, S., Kameyama, S., & Tokoro, T. (2019). Effect evaluation of freeze-thaw on resilient modulus of unsaturated granular base course material in pavement. Transportation Geotechnics, 21(12), 100284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100284.
   Google Scholar
• James, M., Aubertin, M., & Bussière, B. (2013). On the use of waste rock inclusions to improve the performance of tailings impoundments [Paper presentation]. At the Proceedings of the 18th International Conference Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France, Sep. 02–Sep. 06, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Jong, D.-T., Bosscher, P. J., & Benson, C. H. (1998). Field assessment of changes in pavement moduli caused by freezing and thawing. Transportation Research Record, 1615(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.3141/1615-06
   Google Scholar
• Kalkan, E. (2009). Effects of silica fume on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils exposed to freeze and thaw. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 58(3), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury, N., Zaman, M., & Laguros, J. (2005). Behavior of stabilized aggregate bases subjected to cyclic loading and wet-dry cycles. In Charles W. Schwartz, Erol Tutumluer, & Laith Tashman (Eds.), Advances in pavement engineering (pp. 1–10).
   Google Scholar
• Khoury, N., & Zaman, M. M. (2007). Durability of stabilized base courses subjected to wet–dry cycles. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 8(4), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430701342874
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y., Park, J., Cha, W., Lee, J.-S., & Santamarina, J. C. (2021). Soil response during globally drained and undrained freeze-thaw cycles under deviatoric loading. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(2), 06020030. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laverdière, A. (2019). Effet de la granulométrie sur le comportement géotechnique de roches stériles concassées utilisées comme surface de roulement sur des routes minières. École Polytechnique de Montréal.
   Google Scholar
• Li, L., Saboundjian, S., Liu, J., & Zhang, X. (2013). Permanent deformation behavior of Alaskan granular base materials. In Jon E. Zufelt (Ed.), Iscord 2013: Planning for sustainable cold regions (pp. 428–435). American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
   Google Scholar
• Lin, T., Ishikawa, T., & Tokoro, T. (2019). Testing method for resilient properties of unsaturated unbound granular materials subjected to freeze-thaw action. Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication, 7(2), 576–581. https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v07.089
   Google Scholar
• Liu, E., Lai, Y., Liao, M., Liu, X., & Hou, F. (2016). Fatigue and damage properties of frozen silty sand samples subjected to cyclic triaxial loading. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 53(12), 1939–1951. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Zhang, X., Li, L., & Saboundjian, S. (2018). Resilient behavior of unbound granular materials subjected to a closed-system freeze-thaw cycle. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 32(1), 04017015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Z., She, J., Wu, X., & Yao, H. (2019). Cumulative strain characteristics of compacted soil under effect of freeze-thaw cycles with water supply. Transportation Geotechnics, 21, 100291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maalouf, M., Khoury, N., Laguros, J. G., & Kumin, H. (2012). Support vector regression to predict the performance of stabilized aggregate bases subject to wet–dry cycles. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 36(6), 675–696. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiers, G. P., Barbour, S. L., Qualizza, C. V., & Dobchuk, B. S. (2011). Evolution of the hydraulic conductivity of reclamation covers over sodic/saline mining overburden. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(10), 968–976. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, Q., & Wang, L. (2016). Effect of temperature on resilient modulus and shear strength of unbound granular materials containing fine rap. Construction and Building Materials, 124, 1132–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molenaar, A. A. (2008). Repeated load CBR testing, a simple but effective tool for the characterization of fine soils and unbound materials.
   Google Scholar
• NCHRP. (2004). Guide for mechanistic-empirical design of new and rehabilitated pavement structures (Final Rep. No. 1-37A).
   Google Scholar
• Othman, M. A., & Benson, C. H. (1993). Effect of freeze–thaw on the hydraulic conductivity and morphology of compacted clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 30(2), 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1139/t93-020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. S., & Erlingsson, S. (2015). A model for predicting permanent deformation of unbound granular materials. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 16(3), 653–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1026382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razouki, S. S., & Salem, B. M. (2015). Impact of soaking–drying cycles on gypsum sand roadbed soil. Transportation Geotechnics, 2(3), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.11.003.
   Google Scholar
• Shou, K.-J., & Lin, J.-F. (2020). Evaluation of the extreme rainfall predictions and their impact on landslide susceptibility in a sub-catchment scale. Engineering Geology, 265(2), 105434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105434.
   Google Scholar
• Simonsen, E., Janoo, V. C., & Isacsson, U. (2002). Resilient properties of unbound road materials during seasonal frost conditions. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 16(1), 28–50. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2002)16:1(28)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solanki, P., & Zaman, M. (2014). Effect of wet-dry cycling on the mechanical properties of stabilized subgrade soils [Paper presentation]. At the Geo-Congress 2014: Geo-characterization and Modeling for Sustainability. February 23–26, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Tannant, D., & Regensburg, B. (2001). Guidelines for mine haul road design. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Library.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, R., Peroni, R., & Visser, A. T. (2019). Mining haul roads: Theory and practice. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. J. (2011). Mine haul road design, construction and maintenance management. Curtin University.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. J., & Visser, A. T. (1997). A mechanistic structural design procedure for surface mine haul roads. International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 11(3), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/09208119708944075
   Google Scholar
• Tian, S., Indraratna, B., Tang, L., Qi, Y., & Ling, X. (2020). A semi-empirical elasto-plastic constitutive model for coarse-grained materials that incorporates the effects of freeze-thaw cycles. Transportation Geotechnics, 24(9), 100373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100373.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, S., Tang, L., Ling, X., Li, S., Kong, X., & Zhou, G. (2019). Experimental and analytical investigation of the dynamic behavior of granular base course materials used for China's high-speed railways subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 157, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, G., & Hogan, C. (2001). Mend manual: Volume 1, summary.
   Google Scholar
• Valdes, J. R., & Cortes, D. D. (2014). Heat-induced bonding of sands [Paper presentation]. At the Geo-Congress 2014: Geo-characterization and Modeling for sustainability. February 23–26, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Viklander, P., & Eigenbrod, D. (2000). Stone movements and permeability changes in till caused by freezing and thawing. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 31(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(00)00009-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, W.-l., Ding, L.-q., Han, Z., & Wang, X.-q. (2020). Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the moisture sensitivity of a compacted clay. Engineering Geology, 278(12), 105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105832.
   Google Scholar