Gender imbalance in MMORPG: the case of World of Warcraft in Brazil

References

• Amaral, Inês Albuquerque. 2008. “A @migração Para o Ciberespaço: A Dimensão Social Dos Mundos Virtuais.” Observatorio Journal 5 (1): 325–344.
   Google Scholar
• Bardin, Laurence. 1977. Análise de Conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70.
   Google Scholar
• Belk, Russell. 2013. “Extended Self in a Digital World.” Journal of Consumer Research 40 (3): 477–500. doi:10.1086/671052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belk, Russell. 2016. “Extended Self and the Digital World.” Current Opinion in Psychology 10 (1): 50–54. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.11.003.
   Google Scholar
• Billieux, Joël, Martial Van der Linden, Sophia Achab, Yasser Khazaal, Laura Paraskevopoulos, Daniele Zullino, and Gabriel Thorens. 2013. “Why Do You Play World of Warcraft? An in-Depth Exploration of Self-Reported Motivations to Play Online and in-Game Behaviours in the Virtual World of Azeroth.” Computers in Human Behavior Journal 29 (1): 103–109. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blizzard. 2017. “World of Warcraft – Mais de 100 Milhões de Jogadores.” Blizzard. Accessed 23 December 2017. http://media.wow-europe.com/infographic/pt-br/world-of-warcraft-infographic.html
   Google Scholar
• Brehm, Audrey L. 2013. “Navigating the Feminine in Massively Multiplayer Online Games: Gender in World of Warcraft.” Frontiers in Psychology 4: 1–12. December. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryce, Jo, and Jason Rutter. 2003. “Gender Dynamics and the Social and Spatial Organization of Computer Gaming.” Leisure Studies 22 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/02614360306571.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, Judith. 2013. Problemas de Genero: Feminismo e Subversao Da Identidade. 1st ed. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Civilização Brasileira.
   Google Scholar
• Consalvo, Mia. 2012. “Confronting Toxic Gamer Culture: A Challenge for Feminist Game Studies Scholars.” Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology 11 (1): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cote, Amanda C. 2017. “‘“I Can Defend Myself”’: Women’s Strategies for Coping with Harassment while Gaming Online.” Games and Culture 12 (2): 1–16. doi:10.1177/1555412015587603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibbell, Julian. 1993. “A Rape in Cyberspace: How an Evil Clown, A Haitian Trickster Spirit, Two Wizards, and A Cast of Dozens Turned A Database into A Society.” Accessed 30 September 2020. http://www.juliandibbell.com/texts/bungle_vv.html
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, Robert Andrew, and Rosanna Guadagno. 2012. “My Avatar and Me – Gender and Personality Predictors of Avatar-Self Discrepancy.” Computers in Human Behavior 28 (1): 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund, Lina. 2011. “Doing Gender in Cyberspace: The Performance of Gender by Female World of Warcraft Players.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 17 (1): 232–342.
   Google Scholar
• Electronic Book Review. 2010. “Multiculturalism in World of Warcraft.” Electronic Book Review. Accessed 5 October 2020. http://electronicbookreview.com/essay/multiculturalism-in-world-of-warcraft/
   Google Scholar
• ESA. 2020. “2020 Essential Facts about the Computer and Vídeo Game Industry.” ESA - Entertainment Software Association, 1–24. Accessed 30 September 2020. https://www.theesa.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Final-Edited-2020-ESA_Essential_facts.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EUROGamer. 2015. “Blizzard Will No Longer Report World of Warcraft Subscriber Numbers.” EUROGAMER. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-11-04-blizzard-wont-report-world-of-warcraft-subscriber-numbers-anymore
   Google Scholar
• Fox, Jesse, and Wai Yen Tang. 2014. “Sexism in Online Video Games: The Role of Conformity to Masculine Norms and Social Dominance Orientation.” Computers in Human Behavior 33 (1): 314–320. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.014.
   Google Scholar
• Fron, Janine, Tracy Fullerton, Jacquelyn Ford Morie, and Celia Pearce. 2007. “The Hegemony of Play.” In DiGRA: Situated Play, Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, Kishonna. 2012. “Intersecting Oppressions and Online Communities: Examining the Experiences of Women of Color in Xbox Live.” Information, Communication & Society 15 (1): 411–428. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2011.642401.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, Zaheer, and Mark D Griffiths. 2008. “Gender Swapping and Socializing in Cyberspace: An Exploratory Study.” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 11 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaye, Linda, and Charlotte Pennington. 2016. “‘Girls Can’t Play’: The Effects of Stereotype Threat on Females’ Gaming Performance.” Computers in Human Behavior 59 (1): 202–209. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.020.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, Aphra. 2003. “Girls/Women Just Want to Have Fun: A Study of Adult Female Players of Digital Games.” In Level Up Conference, Dublin.
   Google Scholar
• Kozinets, Robert V. 2002. “The Field behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities.” Journal of Marketing Research 39 (1): 61–72. doi:10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, Daria. 2013. For the Horde! How Playing World of Warcraft Reflects Our Participation in Popular Media Culture. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Chuang-Chun. 2016. “Understanding Player Behavior in Online Games: The Role of Gender.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 111 (1): 265–274. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.07.018.
   Google Scholar
• Malpas, Jeff. 2009. “On the Non-Autonomy of the Virtual.” Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 15 (2): 135–139. doi:10.1177/1354856508101579.
   Google Scholar
• Medium. 2019. “World of Warcraft Subscribers down Almost 11 Million since It’s Peak.” Medium. Accessed 2 October 2020. https://medium.com/fluffy-fruity-cats/world-of-warcraft-subscribers-down-almost-11-million-since-its-peak-25c2e0e1154c
   Google Scholar
• Morel, Aline Pereira Sales; Rezende, Daniel Carvalho; Oliveira, Alessandro Silva 2016. “Consumo e Identidade Em Mundos Virtuais: Um Estudo Da Relação Entre Jogador e Personagem.” In XL ENANPAD - Encontro Da ANPAD, 1–18. Costa do Sauípe, BA.
   Google Scholar
• Nardi, Bonnie. 2010. My Life as a Night Elf Priest: An Anthropological Account of World of Warcraft. 1st ed. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvndv9nw
   Google Scholar
• Newzoo. 2018. “Global Games Market Report 2018.” Newzoo. Accessed 25 March 2019. https://newzoo.com/insights/trend-reports/newzoo-global-games-market-report-2018-light-version/#:~:text=Highlights%3A,for91%25ofthemarket.&text=gamesandgaminghardware
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, Celia. 2011. Communities of Play: Emergent Cultures in Multiplayer Games and Virtual Worlds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prospect. 2009. “Why World of Warcraft Matters.” Prospect. Accessed 5 October 2020. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/after-five-years-why-world-of-warcraft-matters
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, Jucélia, and Santos Bispo. 2006. “Brincadeiras de Meninas e de Meninos: Socialização, Sexualidade e Gênero Entre Crianças e a Construção Social Das Diferenças.” Cadernos Pagu 26 (1): 145–168. doi:10.1590/S0104-83332006000100007.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi, Túlio Cunha. 2017. “Feminilidade e Suas Imagens Em Mídias Digitais: Questões Para Pensar Gênero e Visualidade No Século XXI.” Tempo Social 29 (1): 235–255. doi:10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2017.103981.
   Google Scholar
• Safko, Lon, and David Brake. 2010. A Bíblia de Mídia Social: Táticas, Ferramentas e Estratégias Para o Sucesso Empresarial. 1st ed. Ed. Blucher. São Paulo.
   Google Scholar
• ScreenRant. 2020. “The 10 Highest-Grossing Video Game Movies Of All Time.” ScreenRant. Accessed 5 October 2020. https://screenrant.com/video-game-films-box-office-successes/
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, Adrienne. 2010. “What is Video Game Culture? Cultural Studies and Game Studies.” Games and Culture 5 (4): 403–424. doi:10.1177/1555412009360414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, Adrienne. 2011. “Do You Identify as a Gamer? Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Gamer Identity.” New Media & Society 14 (1): 28–44. doi:10.1177/1461444811410394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista. 2020. “Video Games Brazil.” Statista. Accessed 16 November 2020. https://www.statista.com/outlook/203/115/video-games/brazil
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Ted L. 2006. “Does WoW Change Everything?: How a PvP Server, Multinational Player Base, and Surveillance Mod Scene Caused Me Pause.” Games and Culture 1 (4): 318–337. doi:10.1177/1555412006292615.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Ted L. 2009. Play Between Worlds – Exploring Online Game Culture. Cambridge, MA: EUA; MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Teixeira, Marcelo Victor, and Gisela G. S. Castro. 2011. “Entretenimento, Comunicação e Consumo Em Jogos Digitais Sociais.” In Seminário de Games, Comunicção e Tecnologia, 1–12. Universidade Feevale, RS. http://aplicweb.feevale.br/site/files/documentos/pdf/46734.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yee, Nick. 2008. “Maps of Digital Desires: Exploring the Topography of Gender and Play in Online Games.” In Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat: New Perspectives on Gender and Gaming, edited by Y. Kafai, C. Heeter, J. Denner, and J. Sun, 83–96. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar