The visual semiotics of digital misogyny: female leaders in the viewfinder

References

• Abrams, Lynn. 2002. The Making of Modern Woman: Europe 1789–1918. London: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Karrin Vasby. 2011. “Rhymes with Blunt”: Pornification and US Political Culture.” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 14 (2): 327–368. doi:10.1353/rap.2010.0228.
   Google Scholar
• Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2008. “Potentials and Limitations of Discourse-Centred Online Ethnography.” Language@ Internet 5 (8). https://www.languageatinternet.org/articles/2008/1610
   Google Scholar
• Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2017. “Online Data Collection.” In Data Collection in Sociolinguistics: Methods and Applications, edited by Christine Mallinson, Becky Childs, and Gerard Van Herk, 233–244. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Atalanta. 2018. (Anti)Social Media: The Benefits and Pitfalls of Digital for Female Politicians. Accessed 30 May 2022. https://www.atalanta.co/antisocial-media
   Google Scholar
• Bardall, Gabrielle, Elin Bjarnegård, and Jennifer M. Piscopo. 2019. “How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts.” Political Studies 68 (4): 916–935. doi:10.1177/0032321719881812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breeze, Ruth. 2009. “Tarnished Stars: The Discourses of Celebrity in the British Tabloid Press.” Odisea: Revista de Estudios Ingleses 10: 7–18.
   Google Scholar
• Denisova, Anastasia. 2019. Internet Memes and Society: Social, Cultural, and Political Contexts. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dhrodia, Azmina. 2018. “Unsocial Media: A Toxic Place for Women.” IPPR Progressive Review 24 (4): 380–387.
   Google Scholar
• Di Meco, Lucina. 2019. #She Persisted: Women, Politics & Power in the New Media World. The Wilson Center. Accessed 30 May 2022. https://she-persisted.org/
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, Andrea. 1974. Woman Hating. New York: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, Andrea. 1981. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. London: Women’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• EIGE - European Institute for Gender Equality. 2018. Gender equality and digitalisation in the European Union. Accessed 30 May 2022. https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-equality-and-digitalisation-european-union
   Google Scholar
• Esposito, Eleonora. 2021a. “Introduction: Critical Perspectives on Gender, Politics and Violence.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 9 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1075/jlac.00051.int.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito, Eleonora. 2021b. VISUAL_MISOGYNY_IT_ES [Data Set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4717537.
   Google Scholar
• Esposito, Eleonora, and Sole Alba Zollo. 2021. “‘How Dare You Call Her a Pig, I Know Several Pigs Who Would Be Upset if They Knew’ a Multimodal Critical Discursive Approach to Online Misogyny Against UK MPs on YouTube.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 9 (1): 44–75. doi:10.1075/jlac.00053.esp.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito, Eleonora, and Ruth Breeze. 2022. “Gender and Politics in a Digitalised World: Investigating Online Hostility Against UK Female MPs.” Discourse & Society 33 (3): 303–323. doi:10.1177/09579265221076608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federici, Silvia. 2004. Caliban and the Witch. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
   Google Scholar
• Federici, Silvia. 2018. Witches, Witch-Hunting, and Women. Oakland, CA: PM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ging, Debbie, and Eugenia Siapera. 2018. “Special Issue on Online Misogyny.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 515–524. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand, Martin. 2017. “Visuality in Social Media: Researching Images, Circulations and Practices.” In The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, edited by Luke Sloan and Anabel Quan-Haase, 215–231. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson-Young, Sarah. 2018. En Garde. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2018. Sexism, Harassment, and Violence Against Women in Parliaments in Europe. Accessed 30 May 2022. https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2018-10/sexism-harassment-and-violence-against-women-in-parliaments-in-europe
   Google Scholar
• Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2022. Percentage of Women in National Parliaments: as of 1^st May 2022. Accessed 30 May 2022. https://data.ipu.org/women-averages
   Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma A. 2014. “‘Your a ugly, whorish, slut’ – understanding e-bile.” Feminist Media Studies 14 (4): 531–546. doi:10.1080/14680777.2012.741073.
   Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma A. 2016. Misogyny Online: A Short (And Brutish) History. London: SAGE Swifts.
   Google Scholar
• KhosraviNik, Majid. 2017. “Social Media Critical Discourse Studies (SM‐CDS).” In Handbook of Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by John Flowerdew and John. E. Richardson, 583–596. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• KhosraviNik, Majid, and Eleonora Esposito. 2018. “Online Hate, Digital Discourse and Critique: Exploring Digitally-Mediated Discursive Practices of Gender-Based Hostility.” Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14 (1): 45–68. doi:10.1515/lpp-2018-0003.
   Google Scholar
• Kress, Günther, and Theo van Leeuwen. [1996] 2006. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena. 2020. Violence Against Women in Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena. 2022. “Semiotic Violence Against Women: Theorizing Harms Against Female Politicians.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 47 (2): 371–397. doi:10.1086/716642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena, and Juliana Restrepo Sanín. 2019. “The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment Against Female Politicians.” Perspectives on Politics 18 (3): 1–16. doi:10.1017/S1537592719001397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuperberg, Rebecca. 2018. “Intersectional Violence Against Women in Politics.” Politics and Genderder 14 (4): 685–690. doi:10.1017/S1743923X18000612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langton, Rae. 2008. Sexual Solipsism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, Catharine. 1987. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manne, Kate. 2017. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Melandri, Lea. 2019. Love and Violence: The Vexatious Factors of Civilization. New York: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, Martha C. 1995. “Objectification.” Philosophy Public Affairs 24 (4): 249–291. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, Martha C. 2010. “Objectification and Internet Misogyny.” In The Offensive Internet, edited by Saul Levmore and Martha C. Nussbaum, 68–87. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, Micheal Q. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, Anastasia, and Nicola Henry. 2017. Sexual Violence in a Digital Age. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, Gillian. 2014. “On the Relation Between ‘Visual Research Methods’ and Contemporary Visual Culture.” The Sociological Review 62 (1): 24–46. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez Juárez, Ana. 2015. “La desafortunada historia de la chica desnuda de la foto de Teresa Rodríguez”. Vanitatis. Accessed 30 May 2022. https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/noticias/2015-02-24/la-desafortunada-historia-de-la-chica-desnuda-de-la-foto-de-teresa-rodriguez_717026/
   Google Scholar
• Sarkeesian, Anita. 2012. “Image Based Harassment and Visual Misogyny”. Feminist Frequency. Accessed 30 May 2022. https://feministfrequency.com/2012/07/01/image-based-harassment-and-visual-misogyny/
   Google Scholar
• Segarra, Ignacio Moreno, and Karrin Vasby Anderson. 2019. “Political Pornification Gone Global: Teresa Rodríguez as Fungible Object in the 2015 Spanish Regional Elections.” The Quarterly Journal of Speech 105 (2): 204–228. doi:10.1080/00335630.2019.1595102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siapera, Eugenia. 2019. ”Online Misogyny as Witch Hunt: Primitive Accumulation in the Age of Techno-Capitalism.” In Gender Hate Online: Understanding the New Anti-Feminism, edited by Eugenia Siapera and Debbie Ging, 21–43. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, Cass R. 2010. ”Believing False Rumours.” In The Offensive Internet, edited by Saul Levmore and Martha C. Nussbaum, 91–106. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen, Theo. 2005. Introducing Social Semiotics. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Varis, Pia, and Jan Blommaert. 2014. “Conviviality and Collectives on Social Media: Virality, Memes, and New Social Stuctures.” Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, N° 108.
   Google Scholar