Online abuse of women: an interdisciplinary scoping review of the literature

References

• Ahmed, Saifuddin, and Dani Madrid-Morales. 2021. “Is It Still a Man’s World? Social Media News Use and Gender Inequality in Online Political Engagement.” Information, Communication & Society 24 (3): 381–399. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1851387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amnesty International UK. 2017. “Social Media Can Be a Dangerous Place for UK Women.” Accessed March 16, 2018. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/Resources/OVAW%20poll%20report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Antunovic, Dunja. 2019. “‘We Wouldn’t Say It to Their Faces’: Online Harassment, Women Sports Journalists, and Feminism.” Feminist Media Studies 19 (3): 428–442. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1446454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, Norman, Urslin Fevrier-Thomas, Cynthia Lokker, K. Ann McKibbon, and Stephen E. Straus. 2011. “Personal Health Records: A Scoping Review.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 18 (4): 515–522. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey, Hilary, and Lisa O’malley. 2005. “Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616.
   Google Scholar
• Backe, Emma Louise, Pamela Lilleston, and Jennifer McCleary-Sills. 2018. “Networked Individuals, Gendered Violence: A Literature Review of Cyberviolence.” Violence and Gender 5 (3): 135–146. doi:10.1089/vio.2017.0056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkin, Jack M. 2004. “Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Freedom of Expression for the Information Society.” New York University Law Review 79 (1): 1–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banet-Weiser, Sarah. 2018. Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, Chris, and Emma A. Jane. 2016. Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. 5th ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow, Charlotte, and Imran Awan. 2016. “‘You Need to Be Sorted Out with a Knife’: The Attempted Online Silencing of Women and People of Muslim Faith Within Academia.” Social Media and Society 2 (4): 1–11. doi:10.1177/2056305116678896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barratt, Sue A. 2018. “Reinforcing Sexism and Misogyny: Social Media, Symbolic Violence and the Construction of Femininity-As-Fail.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 19 (3): 16–31.
   Google Scholar
• Beckman, Linda J. 2014. “Training in Feminist Research Methodology: Doing Research on the Margins, Women and Therapy.” Women & Therapy 37 (1): 164–177. doi:10.1080/02703149.2014.850347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binns, Amy. 2017. “Fair Game? Journalists Experiences of Online Abuse.” Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies 6 (2): 183–206. doi:10.1386/ajms.6.2.183_1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank, G., and B. C., Reisdorf. 2012. “The Participatory Web.” Information, Communication & Society 15 (4): 537–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss, Laura. 2019. “Little Mix Member Jesy Nelson Confronts the Harsh Realities of Online Abuse – and She’s Not Alone.” The Conversation, September 18.
   Google Scholar
• Boland, Angela M., Gemma Cherry, and Rumona Dickson. 2017. Doing a Systematic Review: A Student’s Guide. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Brien, Susan E., Diane L. Lorenzetti, Steven Lewis, James Kennedy, and William A. Ghali. 2010. “Overview of a Formal Scoping Review on Health System Report Cards.” Implementation Science 5 (2): 1–12. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgess, Melinda C., Felicia Byars, Leila Sadeghi-Azar, and Karen E. Dill-Shackleford. 2017. “Online Misogyny Targeting Feminist Activism: Anita Sarkeesian and Gamergate.” In The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression, edited by Peter Sturmey, 1–13. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Elaine. 2017. “‘Apparently Being a Self-Obsessed C**t is Now Academically Lauded’: Experiencing Twitter Trolling of Auto Ethnographers.” Forum of Qualitative Social Research 18 (3): 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, Andrea. 2018. “How is Social Media Benefiting or Harming Feminism? A Systematic Literature Review and Qualitative Analysis.” Research Paper, Royal Roads University. Accessed April 27, 2021. https://www.academia.edu/38996367/How_is_social_media_benefiting_or_harming_feminism_-_FINAL
   Google Scholar
• Chemaly, Soraya, and Anna Louie Sussman. 2020. “What Online Harassment Tells Us About Our Newsrooms: From Individuals to Institutions.” Accessed 22, June 2020 https://womensmediacenter.com/reports/what-online-harassment-tells-us-about-our-newsrooms-from-individuals-to-institutions-a-womens-media-center-report
   Google Scholar
• Citron, Danielle. K. 2009. “Law’s Expressive Value in Combating Cyber Gender Harassment.” Michigan Law Review 108 (3): 373–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron, Danielle K. 2014. Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cranston, Hannah. 2015. “This is What It’s Like to Have a Vagina on the Internet.” The Huffington Post, December 30.Accessed April 27, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Crown Prosecution Service. 2018. Social Media Offences. Accessed June 18, 2018.https://www.cps.gov.uk/cyber-online-crime
   Google Scholar
• DeCook, Julia R., and Megan Kelly. 2021. “Interrogating the “Incel Menace”: Assessing the Threat of Male Supremacy in Terrorism Studies.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 15 (3): 1–22. doi:10.1080/17539153.2021.2005099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, Sady. 2011. “But How Do You Know It’s Sexist? The #mencallmethings Round-Up.” Accessed November 12, 2019. http://www.tigerbeatdown.com/2011/11/10/but-how-do-youknow-its-sexist-the-mencallmethings-round-up/
   Google Scholar
• Dragiewicz, Molly, Jean Burgess, Ariadna Matamoros-Fernández, Michael Salter, Nicolas P. Suzor, Delanie Woodlock, and Bridget Harris. 2018. “Technology Facilitated Coercive Control: Domestic Violence and the Competing Roles of Digital Media Platforms.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 609–625. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dungay, Kerry. 2021.“Violence Against Women – What Can Be Done?” University Hospital Plymouth (Blog). April 10, 2021. https://plymouthhospitalsblog.org/2021/04/10/violence-against-women-what-can-be-done/.
   Google Scholar
• Eckert, Stine. 2018. “Fighting for Recognition: Online Abuse of Women Bloggers in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.” New Media & Society 20 (4): 1282–1302. doi:10.1177/1461444816688457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edström, Maria. 2016. “The Trolls Disappear in the Light: Swedish Experiences of Mediated Sexualized Hate Speech in the Aftermath of Behring Breivik.” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5 (2): 96‐106. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.314.
   Google Scholar
• Fernet, Mylène, Andréanne Lapierre, Martine Hébert, and Marie-Marthe Cousineau. 2019. “A Systematic Review of Literature on Cyber Intimate Partner Victimization in Adolescent Girls and Women.” Computers in Human Behavior 100 (1): 11–25. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.005.
   Google Scholar
• Founta, Antigoni-Maria, Despoina Chatzakou, Nicolas Kourtellis, Jeremy Blackburn, Athina Vakali, and Ilias Leontiadis. 2019. “A Unified Deep Learning Architecture for Abuse Detection.” In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, trans. ACM SIGWEB, 87–96. WebSci ’19. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner, Becky. 2018. “‘It’s a Terrible Way to Go to Work’: What 70 Million Readers’ Comments on the Guardian Revealed About Hostility to Women and Minorities Online.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 592–608. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ging, Debbie., and Eugenia Siapera. 2018. “Special Issue on Online Misogyny.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 515–524. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, Jennifer. 2021. “Indecent Exposure: A Serious ‘Nuisance’ Offence.” Women’s History Review 30 (7): 1219–1224. doi:10.1080/09612025.2021.2001147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardaker, Claire, and Mark McGlashan. 2015. “‘Real Men Don’t Hate Women’: Twitter Rape Threats and Group Identity.” Journal of Pragmatics 91: 80–89. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2015.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, Nicola, and Anastasia Powell. 2015. “Beyond the ‘Sext’: Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence and Harassment Against Adult Women.” The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 48 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1177/0004865814524218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herring, Susan. C., Kirk Job-Sluder, Rebecca Scheckler, and Sasha Barab. 2002. “Searching for Safety Online: Managing “Trolling” in a Feminist Forum.” The Information Society 18 (5): 371–384. doi:10.1080/01972240290108186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, Jaigris, Chandell Gosse, George Veletsianos, and Shandell Houlden. 2018. “I Get by with a Little Help from My Friends: The Ecological Model and Support for Women Scholars Experiencing Online Harassment.” First Monday 23 (8): 1–22. doi:10.5210/fm.v23i8.9136.
   Google Scholar
• Home Office 2021. Landmark Domestic Abuse Bill Receives Royal Assent, GOV.UK, 29 April 2021. [Online]. Accessed December 21 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/landmark-domestic-abuse-bill-receives-royalassent.
   Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma A. 2014. “‘Back to the Kitchen, cunt’: Speaking the Unspeakable About Online Misogyny.” Continuum 28 (4): 558–570. doi:10.1080/10304312.2014.924479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma A. 2015. “Flaming? What Flaming? The Pitfalls and Potentials of Researching Online Hostility.” Ethics and Information Technology 17 (1): 65–87. doi:10.1007/s10676-015-9362-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma A. 2016. “Online Misogyny and Feminist Digilantism.” Continuum 30 (3): 284–297. doi:10.1080/10304312.2016.1166560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma A. 2017a. Misogyny Online: A Short (And Brutish) History. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma A. 2017b. “Feminist Flight and Fight Responses.” In Gender, Technology and Violence, edited by M. Segrave, 45–61. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma A. 2018. “Gendered Cyberhate as Workplace Harassment and Economic Vandalism.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 575–591. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kargar, Simin, and Adrian Rauchfleisch. 2019. “State-Aligned Trolling in Iran and the Double-Edged Affordances of Instagram.” New Media & Society 21 (7): 1506–1527. doi:10.1177/1461444818825133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosravinik, Majid, and Eleonora Esposito. 2018. “Online Hate, Digital Discourse and Critique: Exploring Digitally-Mediated Discursive Practices of Gender-Based Hostility.” Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14 (1): 45–68. doi:10.1515/lpp-2018-0003.
   Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena. 2017. “Violence Against Women in Politics.” Journal of Democracy 28 (1): 74–88. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena. 2020. Violence Against Women in Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lamprinakou, Chrysa, Marco Morucci, Rosie Campbell, and Jennifer van Heerde-Hudson. 2016. “All Change in the House? The Profile of Candidates and MPs in the 2015 British General Election.” Parliamentary Affairs 70 (2): 207–232. doi:10.1093/pa/gsw030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhart, Amanda, Michele Ybarra, Kathryn Zickuhr, and Myeshia Price-Feeney. 2016. “Online Harassment, Digital Abuse, and Cyberstalking in America.“ Data and Society Research Institute and Center for Innovative Public Health Research, 21 November. https://www.datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Online_Harassment_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Ruth, Michael Rowe, and Clare Wiper. 2017. “Online Abuse of Feminists as an Emerging Form of Violence Against Women and Girls.” The British Journal of Criminology 57 (6): 1462–1481. doi:10.1093/bjc/azw073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumsden, Karen, and Heather M. Morgan. 2018. “Cyber-Trolling as Symbolic Violence.“ In The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Violence, edited by Lombard Nancy, 121–132. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mackay, Fiona. 2004. “Gender and Political Representation in the UK: The State of the ‘Discipline’.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6 (1): 99–120. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00129.x.
   Google Scholar
• Mantilla, Karla. 2015. Gendertrolling: How Misogyny Went Viral. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Marwick, Alice, and Ross Miller. 2014. “Online Harassment, Defamation, and Hateful Speech: A Primer of the Legal Landscape.” Fordham Center on Law and Information, June 10.
   Google Scholar
• McGlynn, Clare, Erika Rackley, and Ruth Houghton. 2017. “Beyond ‘Revenge Porn’: The Continuum of Image-Based Sexual Abuse.” Feminist Legal Studies 25: 25–46. doi:10.1007/s10691-017-9343-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melinda, R. Weathers, and C. Hopson Mark. 2015. “‘I Define What Hurts Me’: A Co-Cultural Theoretical Analysis of Communication Factors Related to Digital Dating Abuse.” Howard Journal of Communications 26 (1): 95–113.
   Google Scholar
• Meserve, Jack. 2014. “Recounting Virtual Brutality.” Democracy Journal 32 (Spring): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• O’neill, Maureen M., Sarah R. Booth, and Janeen Therese Lamb. 2018. “Using NVivo for Literature Reviews: The Eight Step Pedagogy (N7+1).” Qualitative Report 23 (13): 21–39. doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2018.3030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’sullivan, Patrick B., and Andrew J. Flanagin. 2003. “Reconceptualizing ‘Flaming’ and Other Problematic Messages.” New Media & Society 5 (1): 69–94. doi:10.1177/1461444803005001908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penney, Jonathon W. 2020. “Online Abuse, Chilling Effects, and Human Rights.” In Citizenship in a Connected Canada: A Research and Policy Agenda, edited by E. Dubois and F. Martin-Bariteau, 207–220. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pham, Mai T., Andrijana Rajić, Judy D. Greig, Jan M. Sargeant, Andrew Papadopoulosa, and Scott A. McEwen. 2014. “A Scoping Review of Scoping Reviews: Advancing the Approach and Enhancing the Consistency.” Research Synthesis Methods 5 (4): 371–385. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland, Bailey. 2016. Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online. Dulles: Potomac Books.
   Google Scholar
• Robson, Colin, and Kieran McCartan. 2016. Real World Research. 4th ed. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Rochford, Hannah I., Kaleb Brooks, Mark Berg, and C. Peek-Asa. 2021. “COVID-19-Related Violence Trend Data Challenges and a Resource for Injury Researchers.” Injury Epidemiology 8 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1186/s40621-021-00338-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salter, Michael. 2017. Crime, Justice and Social Media. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sobieraj, Sarah. 2018. “Bitch, Slut, Skank, Cunt: Patterned Resistance to Women’s Visibility in Digital Publics.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (11): 1700–1714. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1348535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn, Seohee, Ho Chung, and Namkee Park. 2019. “Private Self Awareness and Aggression in Computer-Mediated Communication: Abusive User Comments on Online News Articles.” International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 35 (13): 1160–1169. doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1514822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southworth, Cynthia, Jerry Finn, Shawna Dawson, Cynthia Fraser, and Sylvia Tucker. 2007. “Intimate Partner Violence, Technology, and Stalking.” Violence Against Women 13 (8): 842–856. doi:10.1177/1077801207302045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, Carolyn, Nicolas Mays, Rita Issa, Lesley Perkins, and Rebecca Scott. 2021. “Elder Abuse in the UK: Out of the Shadows and on to the Agenda.” The BMJ 375: n2828. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2828.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stöckl, Heidi, and Zara Quigg. 2021. “Violence Against Women and Girls.” The BMJ 374: n1926. August 6, 2021. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1926.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Todd, M. 2017. “Virtual violence: cyberspace, misogyny and online abuse.” In New perspectives on cybercrime, edited by T. Owen, W. Noble, and F. C. Speed. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, Fred. 2010. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• UN Broadband Commission for Digital Development Working Group on Broadband and Gender. 2015. Cyber Violence Against Women and Girls: A Worldwide Wake-Up Call. New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Vera-Gray, F. 2017. “”Talk About a Cunt with Too Much Idle time”: Trolling Feminist Research.” Feminist Review 115 (1): 61–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walby, Sylvia, Jude Towers, and Brian Francis. 2014. “Mainstreaming Domestic and Gender-Based Violence into Sociology and the Criminology of Violence.” The Sociological Review 62 (2): 187–214. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wall, David S. 2007. Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, Stephen, and Liam McLoughlin. 2020. “Turds, Traitors and Tossers: The Abuse of UK MPs via Twitter.” The Journal of Legislative Studies 26 (1): 47–73. doi:10.1080/13572334.2020.1730502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, Susan. 2019. “Analysis Shows Horrifying Extent of Abuse Sent to Women MPs via Twitter.” The Conversation, November 6. Accessed 25 November 2019. https://theconversation.com/analysis-shows-horrifying-extent-of-abuse-sent-to-women-mps-via-twitter-126166
   Google Scholar
• Wessels, Bridgette. 2009. Understanding the Internet: A Socio-Cultural Perspective. London: Basingstoke, Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Wiener, Cassandra. 2017. “Seeing What is ‘Invisible in Plain Sight’: Policing Coercive Control.” The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 56 (4): 500–515. doi:10.1111/hojo.12227.
   Google Scholar
• Zakrzewski, Cat. 2020. The Technology 202: President Trump’s Conspiracy Theories are Putting Pressure on Twitter to Change Its Policies, The Washington Post, June 10, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Zempi, Irene, and Jo. Smith. 2021 Misogyny as Hate Crime. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar