What does ‘empowerment’ mean in school‐based sex and relationships education?

References

• Aggleton , P. and Campbell , C. 2000 . Working with young people – towards an agenda for sexual health. . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 15 ( 3 ) : 283 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Aggleton , P. , Ball , A. and Mane , P. 2000 . Editorial: Young people, sexuality and relationships. . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 15 ( 3 ) : 213 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , L. 2003 . Girls want sex, boys want love: Resisting dominant discourses of (hetero)sexuality. . Sexualities , 6 ( 2 ) : 215 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , L. 2005 . ‘Say everything’: Exploring young people's suggestions for improving sexuality education. . Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning , 5 ( 4 ) : 389 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , L. 2007 . Denying the sexual subject: Schools' regulation of student sexuality. . British Educational Research Journal , 33 ( 2 ) : 221 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althusser , L. 1971 . Lenin and philosophy and other essays , London : New Left Books .
   Google Scholar
• Alvesson , M. 2002 . Postmodernism and social research , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Antonovsky , A. 1979 . Health, stress and coping , San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Self‐efficacy toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. . Psychological Review , 64 ( 2 ) : 191 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1982 . Self‐efficacy mechanism in human agency. . American Psychologist , 37 ( 2 ) : 122 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl , R. 1957 . The concept of power. . Behavioural Science , 2 : 201 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Employment . 2000 . Sex and relationship education guidance , Nottingham : Department for Education and Employment . DfEE 0116/2000
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Employment/Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . 1999 . National curriculum handbook for secondary teachers in England , London : Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . QCA/99/458
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Skills . 2003 . Every child matters , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health . 2004a . Choosing health: Making healthier choices easier , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health . 2004b . National service framework for children, young people and maternity services , London : Department of Health Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Emler N. 2001. The costs and causes of low self‐esteem. Report for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. York Publishing Services. www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/n71.asp
   Google Scholar
• Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care . 2006 . Service standards for sexual health services , London : Clinical Standards Committee .
   Google Scholar
• Fine , M. 1988 . Sexuality, schooling, and adolescent females: The missing discourse of desire. . Harvard Educational Review , 58 ( 1 ) : 29 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest , S. 2000 . ‘Big and tough’: Boys learning about sexuality and manhood. . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 15 ( 3 ) : 247 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Forrest , S. , Strange , V. , Oakley , A. and the RIPPLE Study Team . 2004 . What do young people want from sex education? The results of a needs assessment from a peer‐led sex education programme. . Culture, Health and Sexuality , 6 ( 4 ) : 337 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault , M. 1980 . Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972–1977 by Michel Foucault , London : Harvester Press . Trans. C. Gordon, L. Marshall, J. Mepham, and K. Soper
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M. 1990 . The will to knowledge: The history of sexuality: Volume 1 , London : Penguin . Trans. R. Hurley
   Google Scholar
• Freire , P. 1996 . Pedagogy of the oppressed , Harmondsworth : Penguin . Trans. M. Bergman Ramons
   Google Scholar
• Frosh , S. , Phoenix , A. and Pattman , R. 2002 . Young masculinities – understanding boys in contemporary society , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , C. 1991 . A concept analysis of empowerment. . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 16 : 354 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , T. 1995 . Nursing: Empowerment and the problem of power. . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 21 : 865 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramsci , A. 1971 . Prison notebooks: Volume 1 , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hagquist , C. and Starrin , B. 1997 . Health education in schools – from information to empowerment models. . Health Promotion International , 12 ( 3 ) : 225 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harstock , N. 1983 . Money, sex, and power: Toward a feminist historical materialism , Boston, MA : Northeastern University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holland , J. , Ramazanoglu , C. , Sharpe , S. and Thomson , R. 1998 . The male in the head: Young people, heterosexuality and power , London : Tufnell Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ingham , R. 2005 . ‘We didn't cover that at school’: Education against pleasure or education for pleasure? . Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning , 5 ( 4 ) : 375 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , C. 2006 . ‘Wild’ girls? An exploration of ‘ladette’ cultures in secondary schools. . Gender and Education , 18 ( 4 ) : 339 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayakody A, Sinha S, Curtis K, Roberts H, Viner R. 2005. Smoking, drinking, drug use, mental health and sexual behaviour in young people in East London. Report for the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. www.dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RW42c.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Karl , M. 1995 . Women and empowerment: Participation and decision‐making , London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kendall , S. 1998 . Health and empowerment: Research and practice , London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Kidger , J. 2005 . Stories of redemption? Teenage mothers as the new sex educators. . Sexualities , 8 ( 4 ) : 481 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuokkanen , L. and Katajisto , J. 2003 . Promoting or impeding empowerment? . Journal of Nursing Administration , 33 ( 4 ) : 209 – 15 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laverack , G. 2005 . Public health, power, empowerment and professional practice , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln , N. , Travers , C. , Ackers , P. and Wilkinson , A. 2002 . The meaning of empowerment: The interdisciplinary etymology of a new management concept. . International Journal of Management Reviews , 4 ( 3 ) : 271 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukes , S. 1974 . Power: A radical view , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Machiavelli , N. 1958 . The prince , London : Dent . Trans. W. Marriott
   Google Scholar
• Marx , K. and Engels , F. 1959 . Excerpts from the German ideology Marx and Engels: Basic writings on politics and philosophy , Edited by: Feller , L . 287 – 302 . Glasgow : William Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell , C. 2006 . Context and ‘contextualisation’ in sex and relationships education. . Health Education , 106 ( 6 ) : 437 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , R. and Williams , S. 2000 . Does low self‐esteem predict health compromising behaviours among adolescents? . Journal of Adolescence , 23 ( 5 ) : 569 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miliband , R. 1969 . The state in capitalist society , London : Quartet .
   Google Scholar
• National Children's Bureau . 2006 . Beyond biology: Call for PSHE, which includes sex and relationships education, to be made statutory , London : National Children's Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• National Healthy School Standard Team . 2001 . Sex and relationship education (SRE) , London : Health Development Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , T. 1967 . Sociological theory and modern society , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , J. 2006 . Personal control, self‐efficacy in sexual negotiation, and contraceptive risk among adolescents: The role of gender. . Sex Roles , 54 : 615 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulantzas , N. 1976 . State, power, socialism , London : New Left Books .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 1993 . The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. . American Prospect , 13 : 35 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. 1995 . Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. . Journal of Democracy , 6 ( 1 ) : 65 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . 2000a . Personal, social and health education and citizenship at key stages 1 and 2 , London : Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . QCA/00/579
   Google Scholar
• Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . 2000b . Personal, social and health education at key stages 3 and 4 , London : Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . QCA/00/580
   Google Scholar
• Renold , E. 2004 . ‘Other’ boys: Negotiating non‐hegemonic masculinities in the primary school. . Gender and Education , 16 ( 2 ) : 248 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Rissel , C. 1994 . Empowerment: The holy grail of health promotion? . Health Promotion International , 9 ( 1 ) : 39 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter , J. 1966 . Generalised expectations for internal versus external control of reinforcement. . Psychological Monographs , 80 ( 1 ) : 1 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skelton , R. 1994 . Nursing and empowerment: Concepts and strategies. . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 19 : 415 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , K. and Freeman , R. 2004 . Critical health promotion and education – a new research challenge. . Health Education Research , 19 ( 3 ) : 340 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teenage Pregnancy and Independent Advisory Group on Sexual Health and HIV . 2006 . Personal, social and health education (PSHE) in schools: A time for action , London : Independent Advisory Group on Teenage Pregnancy and the Independent Advisory Group on Sexual Health and HIV .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , N. , Murray , E. and Rogstad , K. 2006 . Confidentiality is essential if young people are to access sexual health services. . International Journal of STD and AIDS , 17 ( 8 ) : 525 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , N. 2007 . Power and empowerment , Lyme Regis : Russell House Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Thorogood , N. 2000 . Sex education as disciplinary technique: Policy and practice in England and Wales. . Sexualities , 3 ( 4 ) : 425 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Tones , K. 1998 . “ Health education and the promotion of health: Seeking wisely to empower. ” . In Health and empowerment: Research and practice , Edited by: Kendall , S . 57 – 88 . London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Tones , K. 2001 . “ Health promotion: The empowerment imperative. ” . In Health Promotion: Professional Perspectives , Edited by: Scriven , A and Orme , J . 3 – 18 . Basingstoke : Palgrave . 2nd ed.
   Google Scholar
• Waite , M. 2005 . The age of consent: Young people, sexuality and citizenship , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• West , P. and Sweeting , H. 1997 . ‘Lost souls’ and ‘rebels’: A challenge to the assumption that low self‐esteem and unhealthy lifestyles are related. . Health Education , 97 ( 5 ) : 161 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Wight , D. 1999 . Limits to empowerment‐based sex education. . Health Education , 99 ( 6 ) : 233 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Wight , D. and Abraham , C. 2000 . From psycho‐social theory to sustainable classroom practice: Developing a research‐based teacher‐delivered sex education programme. . Health Education Research , 15 ( 1 ) : 25 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women's Unit and Home Office . 2000 . Listen up! – a report on government's dialogue with young people , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 1986 . Ottawa charter for health promotion , Copenhagen : WHO Regional Office for Europe .
   Google Scholar
• Youdell , D. 2005 . Sex–gender–sexuality: How sex, gender and sexuality constellations are constituted in secondary schools. . Gender and Education , 17 ( 3 ) : 249 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , I. 1990 . Justice and the politics of difference , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar