Publication Cover
Sex Education
Sexuality, Society and Learning
Volume 22, 2022 - Issue 5
452
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Preschool children’s knowledge of correct names of genital body parts in Gorgan, Iran

ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 567-581 | Received 29 Nov 2020, Accepted 20 Aug 2021, Published online: 29 Aug 2021

References

  • Badrfam, R., K. Kabir, and A. Zandifar. 2020. “Child Abuse in Iran: Need to Pay Attention to Next Generation Psychiatric Problems.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 50. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101935.
  • Baheiraei, A., E. Khoori, A. Rahimi Foroushani, F. Ahmadi, and M. L. Ybarra. 2014. “What Sources Do Adolescents Turn to for Information about Their Health Concerns?” International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 26 (1): 61–68. doi:10.1515/ijamh-2012-0112.
  • Burrows, K. S., M. Bearman, J. Dion, and M. B. Powell. 2017. “Children’s Use of Sexual Body Part Terms in Witness Interviews about Sexual Abuse.” Child Abuse & Neglect 65: 226–235. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.001.
  • Elliott, M., K. Browne, and J. Kilcoyne. 1995. “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: What Offenders Tell Us.” Child Abuse & Neglect 19 (5): 579–594. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00017-3.
  • Fakhari, A., M. Tabatabavakili, J. Yousef Sayad, and S. Farhang. 2012. “Family Violence Influences Mental Health of School Girls in Iran: Results of a Preliminary Study.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 5 (1): 24–27. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.01.008.
  • Firoozi, A. 2018. Workshop at Principles of Child Sexual Education, December 12, at the Baran Center in Gorgan, Iran.
  • Ganji, J., M. H. Emamian, R. Maasoumi, A. Keramat, and E. Merghati Khoei. 2017. “The Existing Approaches to Sexuality Education Targeting Children: A Review Article.” Iranian Journal of Public Health 46 (7): 890.
  • Genishi, C. 1990. “Young Children’s Oral Language Development” Accessed https://www.readingrockets.org/article/young-childrens-oral-language-development
  • Hokmabadi, A. 2019. “The Effect of Personal Safety Education to Mothers on the Knowledge and Skills for the Prevention of Sexual Abuse of Kindergarten-Aged Girls in Gorgan”. Master’s thesis, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan. [In Persian]
  • Javadnoori, M., R. Latifnejad Roudsari, M. Hasanpour, S. M. M. Hazavehei, and A. Taghipour. 2012. “Female Adolescents’ Experiences and Perceptions regarding Sexual Health Education in Iranian Schools: A Qualitative Content Analysis.” Iran Journal of Nursery and Midwife Research 17 (7): 539–546.
  • Kenny, M. C., V. Capri, R. R. Thakkar‐Kolar, E. E. Ryan, M. K. Runyon, and M. K. Runyon. 2008. “Child Sexual Abuse: From Prevention to Self‐Protection.” Child Abuse Review 17 (1): 36–54. doi:10.1002/car.1012.
  • Kenny, M. C., C. Helpingstine, and H. Long. 2020. “College Students’ Recollections of Childhood Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs and Their Potential Impact on Reduction of Sexual Victimization.” Child Abuse & Neglect 104: 104486. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104486.
  • Kenny, M. C., and S. K. Wurtele. 2008. “Preschoolers’ Knowledge of Genital Terminology: A Comparison of English and Spanish Speakers.” American Journal of Sexuality Education 3 (4): 345–354. doi:10.1080/15546120802372008.
  • Khalajabadi-Farahani, F. 2020. “Adolescents and Young People’s Sexual and Reproductive Health in Iran: A Conceptual Review.” The Journal of Sex Research 57 (6): 743–780. doi:10.1080/00224499.2020.1768203.
  • Khoori, E., S. Gholamfarkhani, M. Tatari, and S. K. Wurtele. 2020. “Parents as Teachers: Mothers’ Roles in Sexual Abuse Prevention Education in Gorgan, Iran.” Child Abuse & Neglect 109: 104695. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104695.
  • Klass, P. 2016. “Teaching Children the Real Names for Body Parts” The New York Times, October 31. Accessed 26 March 2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/well/family/teaching-children-the-real-names-for-body-parts.html
  • Manheim, M., R. Felicetti, and G. Moloney. 2019. “Child Sexual Abuse Victimization Prevention Programs in Preschool and Kindergarten: Implications for Practice.” Journal of Child Sex Abuse 28 (6): 745–757. doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1627687.
  • Martin, J., H. Riazi, A. Firoozi, and M. Nasiri. 2018. “A Sex Education Programme for Mothers in Iran: Does Preschool Children’s Sex Education Influence Mothers’ Knowledge and Attitudes?” Sex Education 18 (2): 219–230. doi:10.1080/14681811.2018.1428547.
  • Matthews, D. 2017. “Call Children’s Private Body Parts What They Are” Psychology Today, May 6. Accessed 20 May 2020. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/going-beyond-intelligence/201703/call-children-s-private-body-parts-what-they-are
  • Merghati-Khoei, E., N. Abolghasemi, and T. G. Smith. 2014. “Children Are Sexually Innocent: Iranian Parents’ Understanding Of Children’s Sexuality.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43 (3): 587–595. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0218-6.
  • Mikton, C., and A. Butchart. 2009. “Child Maltreatment Prevention: A Systematic Review of Reviews.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 87 (5): 353–361. doi:10.2471/BLT.08.057075.
  • Mobredi, K., S. Hasanpoor-Azgahdy, and L. Amiri-Farahani. 2017. “Knowledge and Attitude of Mothers toward Preschool Sexual Education.” Iran Journal of Nursing 30 (106): 35–45. doi:10.29252/ijn.30.106.35.
  • Mohammadi, M. R., H. Zarafshan, and A. Khalegi. 2014. “Child Abuse in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Iran Journal of Psychiatry 9 (3): 118–124.
  • Moody, G., R. Cannings-John, K. Hood, A. Kemp, and M. Robling. 2018. “Establishing the International Prevalence of Self-Reported Child Maltreatment: A Systematic Review by Maltreatment Type and Gender.” BMC Public Health 18 (1164): 1–15. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6044-y.
  • Moore, E. E., H. Romaniuk, C. A. Olson, Y. Jayasinghe, J. B. Carlin, and G. C. Patton. 2010. “The Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adolescent Unwanted Sexual Contact among Boys and Girls Living in Victoria, Australia.” Child Abuse & Neglect 34 (5): 379–385. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.01.004.
  • Moradi-Payam, F., N. Hadizadeh, and F. Yunesi. 2015. “Pathology of Social Distrust in Society and Providing Solutions to Deal with It.” Paper presented at the First National Scientific Research Congress on the Development and Promotion of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Sociology and Social Cultural Sciences of Iran, Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/408384 [Persian]
  • Namdari, P. 2003. “Prevelence of Child Abuse in Khorramabad Secondary Schools.” Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 9 (1): 62–70. http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.html [Persian].
  • Pirdehghan, A., and Y. Rajabzadeh. 2018. “Child Abuse Perpetrators of Iranian Adolescents.” Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 28 (3): 3. doi:10.5812/ijp.60275.
  • Rafiee, S., G. Taghizadeh, H. Karimi, and S. Rahimzadeh-Rahbar. 2009. “Body Part Identification in 1 to 4-year-old Children Living in South of Tehran.” Razi Journal of Medical Sciences 16 http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1243-en.html [Persian].
  • Reid, R. 2017. “Parent Gets in Trouble for Teaching Their Kid the Correct Name for His Genitals” Metro, June 17. Accessed 20 May 2020. https://metro.co.uk/2019/06/17/parent-gets-trouble-teaching-kid-correct-name-genitals-9988885
  • Reshadi, M. 2020. “Association between Trust and Social Participation (Case Study: Citizens in Hamadan Province).” Quarterly of Social Studies and Research in Iran 9 (4): 907–930.
  • Robatjazi, M., M. Simbar, F. Nahidi, J. Gharehdaghi, M. Emamhadi, A. A. Vedadhir, and H. Alavimajd. 2016. “Virginity Testing beyond a Medical Examination.” Global Journal of Health Science 8 (7): 152–164. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n7p152.
  • Scolnik, D., V. Akinson, M. Hadi, J. Caufeild, and N. L. Young. 2003. “Words Used by Children and Their Primary Caregivers for Private Body Parts and Functions.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 169 (12): 1275–1279.
  • Shams, M., S. Parhizkar, A. Mousavizadeh, and M. Majdpour. 2017. “Mothers’ Views about Sexual Health Education for Their Adolescent Daughters: A Qualitative Study.” Reproductive Health 14 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0291-8.
  • Sharifi, M., S. Arman, S. Abdoli, A. H. Banki Poor Fard, and S. Kohan. 2016. “Iranian Parents’ Experiences about Children Sexual Training: Control, Restriction and Education.” International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 5 (11): 376–385.
  • Simon, C. A. 2020. “Engaging the Five Senses to Learn about Our World” Read Write Think. Accessed 11 May 2020. http://www.readwritethink.org/parent-afterschool-resources/tips-howtos/engaging-five-senses-learn-30959.html?main-tab=2#tabs
  • Stoltenborgh, M., M. Bakermans-Kranenburg, L. R. A. Alink, and M. H. van IJzendoorn. 2015. “The Prevalence of Child Maltreatment across the Globe: Review of a Series of Meta-Analyses.” Child Abuse Review 24 (1): 37–50. doi:10.1002/car.2353.
  • Stoltenborgh, M., M. H. van IJzendoorn, E. M. Euser, and M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg. 2011. “A Global Perspective on Child Sexual Abuse: Meta-Analysis of Prevalence around the World.” Child Maltreatment 16 (2): 79–101. doi:10.1177/1077559511403920.
  • Sumner, S. A., J. A. Mercy, J. Saul, N. Motsa-Nzuza, G. Kwesigabo, R. Buluma, L. H. Marcelin et al. 2015. “Prevalence of Sexual Violence against Children and Use of Social Services—Seven Countries. 2007-2013.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64 (21): 565–569.
  • Tabatabaie, A. 2015. “Childhood and Adolescent Sexuality, Islam, and Poblematics of Sex Education: A Call for Re-Examination.” Sex Education 15 (3): 276–288. doi:10.1080/14681811.2015.1005836.
  • Thackeray, A. D., and C. A. Readdick. 2003. “Preschoolers’ Anatomical Knowledge of Salient and Non-Salient Sexual and Non-Sexual Body Parts.” Journal of Research in Childhood Education 18 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1080/02568540409595029.
  • Tobin, P., and S. Levinson Kessner. 2002. Keeping Kids Safe: A Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Manual. Alameda, CA: Hunter House.
  • Topping, K. J., and I. G. Barron. 2009. “School-Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: A Review of Effectiveness.” Review of Educational Research 79 (1): 431–463. doi:10.3102/0034654308325582.
  • Van der Zande, I. 2019. “Talk about Private Areas and Safety with Kids, Kidpower Teenpower Fullpower International.” Accessed 18 April 2019. https://www.kidpower.org/blog/talk-about-private-areas-and-safety-with-kids
  • Walsh, K., K. Zwi, S. Woolfenden, and A. Shlonsky. 2018. “School-Based Education Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Research on Social Work Practice 28 (1): 33–55. doi:10.1177/1049731515619705.
  • Wurtele, S. K. 1993. “Enhancing Children’s Sexual Development Through Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs.” Journal of Sex Education and Therapy 19 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1080/01614576.1993.11074068.
  • Wurtele, S. K. 2007. The Body Safety Training Workbook: A Personal Safety Program for Parents to Teach Their Children. Accessed http://www.sandywurtele.com/books.html
  • Wurtele, S. K., L. C. Kast, and A. M. Melzer. 1992. “Sexual Abuse Prevention Education for Young Children: A Comparison of Teachers and Parents as Instructors.” Child Abuse & Neglect 16 (6): 865–876. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90088-9.
  • Wurtele, S. K., and M. C. Kenny. 2010. “Partnering with Parents to Prevent Childhood Sexual Abuse.” Child Abuse Review 19 (2): 130–152. doi:10.1002/car.1112.
  • Wurtele, S. K., and M. C. Kenny. 2011. “Normative Sexuality Development in Childhood: Implications for Developmental Guidance and Prevention of Childhood Sexual Abuse.” Counseling and Human Development 43 (9): 1–24.
  • Wurtele, S. K., A. M. Melzer, and L. C. Kast. 1992. “Preschoolers’ Knowledge of and Ability to Learn Genital Terminology.” Journal of Sex Education and Therapy 18 (2): 115–122. doi:10.1080/01614576.1992.11074045.
  • Wurtele, S. K., and J. S. Owens. 1997. “Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Young Children: An Investigation of Age and Gender across Five Studies.” Child Abuse & Neglect 21 (8): 805–814. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00040-9.
  • Zwi, K., S. Woolfenden, D. Wheeler, T. O’Brien, P. Tait, and K. Williams. 2007. “School-Based Education Programmes for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse.” Cochrane Database System Review 3: 1–40.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.