The involvement of the human cervix in reproduction and sex

References

• Baker R 1998 Sperm Wars (p. 190) London: Fourth Estate
   Google Scholar
• Barros , C , Vigil , P , Herrera , E , Arguello , B and Walker , R . 1984 . Selection of morphologically abnormal sperm by human cervical mucus . Archives of Andrology , 12 ( Suppl ) : 95 – 97 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck , JR . 1874 . How do the spermatozoa enter the uterus? . American Journal of Obstetrics , 7 : 35 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• Bellerose , SB and Binik , Y . 1993 . Body image and sexuality in oophorectomised women . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 22 : 435 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman J Berman L 2001 For Women Only (p. 73) London: Virago Press
   Google Scholar
• Clark , L . 1970 . Is there a difference between a clitoral and a vaginal orgasm? . Journal of Sex Research , 6 : 25 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson RL 1949 Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy 2nd edition (pp. 87 – 93) Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Company
   Google Scholar
• Eggert-Kruse , W , Reimann-Andersen , J , Rohr , G , Pohl , S , Tilgen , W and Runnebaum , B . 1995 . Clinical relevance of sperm morphology assessment using strict criteria and relationship with sperm-mucus interaction in vivo and in vitro . Fertility and Sterility , 63 : 612 – 624 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faix , A , Lapray , JF , Courtieu , C , Maubon , A and Lanfrey , K . 2001 . Magnetic resonance imaging of sexual intercourse: initial experience . Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy , 27 : 475 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faix , A , Lapray , JF , Callede , O , Maubon , A and Lanfrey , K . 2002 . Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of sexual intercourse; Second experience in missionary position and initial experience in posterior position . Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy , 28 : 63 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredericsson , B and Bjork , G . 1977 . Morphology of postcoital spermatozoa in the cervical secretion and its clinical significance . Fertility and Sterility , 28 : 841 – 845 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganea , D and Delgado , M . 2002 . Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as modulators of both innate and adaptive immunity . Critical Review of Oral and Biological Medicine , 13 : 229 – 237 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Givan , AL , White , HD , Stern , JE , Colby , E , Gosselin , EJ , Guyre , PM and Wira , CR . 1997 . Flow cystometric analysis of leukocytes in human female reproductive tract: comparison of fallopian tube, uterus, cervix and vagina . American Journal of Reproductive Immunology , 38 : 350 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes , DA . 1999 . Role of the cervix in sexual response: evidence for and against . Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology , 42 : 972 – 978 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , V , Ottesen , B , Allen , J , Maigaard , S and Forman , A . 1988 . Effects of VIP and PHM in human intracervical arteries . Acta Obstetrica Gynecologia Scandinavica , 67 : 699 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , FW and Overstreet , JW . 1981 . The interaction of human spermatozoa with cervical mucus in vivo . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 140 : 173 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoglund A Odeblad E 1977 Sperm penetration in cervical mucus, a biophysical and group theoretical approach In V. Insler & G. Bettendorf (Eds.), The Uterine Cervix in Reproduction (pp. 129 – 134) Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Janssen E 2002 Psychophysiological measurement of sexual arousal In M.W. Wiederman & B.E. Whitley (Eds.), Handbook for conducting research on human sexuality (pp. 139 – 171) Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum
   Google Scholar
• Johnson LR 1998 Essential Medical Physiology 2nd edition (pp. 654, Table 1) Philadelphia, PA: Lipincott-Raven
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson , B and Hammarstrom , M . 1993 . Autonomic nervous modulation and effect of a prostaglandin synthase inhibitor on human cervical secretion . Human Reproduction , 8 : 1168 – 1172 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kilkku , P . 1983 . Supravaginal uterine amputation versus hysterectomy; effects oncoital frequency and dyspareunia . Acta Obstetrica Gynecologica Scandinavica , 62 : 141 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilkku , P , Gronroos , M , Hirvonen , T and Rauramo , L . 1983 . Supravaginal uterine amputation versus hysterectomy; effects on libido and orgasm . Acta Obstetrica Gynecologica Scandinavica , 62 : 147 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komisaruk , BR and Larsson , K . 1971 . Suppression of a spinal and a cranial nerve reflex by vaginal or rectal probing in rats . Brain Research , 35 : 231 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komisaruk , BR and Sansone , G . 2003 . Neural pathways mediating vaginal function: the vagus and spinal cord oxytocin . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 44 : 241 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komisaruk , BR , Whipple , B , Crawford , A , Liu , WC , Kanin , A and Mosier , K . 2004 . Brain activation during vaginocervical self-stimulation and orgasm in women with complete spinal cord injury: fMRI evidence of mediation by the vagus nerves . Brain Research , 1024 : 77 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladas AK Whipple B Perry JD 1982 The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries about Human Sexuality (pp.144 – 145) New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
   Google Scholar
• Levin , RJ and Wagner , G . 1985 . Ionised calcium concentrations in human cervical fluid in situ before and after sexual arousal . IRCS Medical Science , 13 : 406 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , RJ . 1999 . Measuring the menopause genital changes - a critical account of laboratory procedures past and for the future . Menopause Review , 4 : 49 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , RJ . 2002 . The Physiology of Sexual Arousal in the Human Female: a Recreational and Procreational Synthesis . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 31 : 405 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , RJ . 2003 . The ins and outs of vaginal lubrication . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 18 : 509 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , RJ . 2004 . Measuring female genital functions- a research essential but still a clinical luxury? . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 19 : 191 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Maas , CP , Weijenborg , PT and Ter Kuile , MM . 2003 . The effects of hysterectomy on sexual functioning . Annual Reviews of Sex Research , 14 : 83 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maas , CP , Ter Kuile , MM , Laan , E , Tuijnman , CC , Weijenborg , PT , Trimbos , JB and Kenter , GG . 2004 . Objective assessment of sexual arousal in women with a history of hysterectomy . British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 111 : 456 – 462 .
   Google Scholar
• Marieb EN 2004 Human Anatomy and Physiology 6th Edition (p. 1083) Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco
   Google Scholar
• Masters WH Johnson V 1966 Human Sexual Response Boston: Little, Brown
   Google Scholar
• Meston , C . 2004 . The effects of hysterectomy on sexual arousal in women with a history of benign uterine fibroids . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 33 : 31 – 42 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortimer , D , Leslie , EE , Kelly , RW and Templeton , AA . 1982 . Morphological selection of human spermatozoa in vivo and in vitro . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 64 : 391 – 399 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandya , IJ and Cohen , J . 1985 . The leukocytic reaction of the human uterine cervix to spermatozoa . Fertility and Sterility , 43 : 417 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry JD Whipple B 1982 Multiple components of female orgasm In B. Graber (Ed), Circumvaginal Musculature and Vaginal Function (pp. 100 – 114) Basel: Karger
   Google Scholar
• Pozo , D and Delgado , M . 2004 . The many faces of VIP in neuroimmunology: a cytokine rather a neuropeptide? . The FASEB Journal , 18 : 1325 – 1334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragni , G , di Pietro , R , Bestetti , O , de Lauretis , L , Olovares , D and Guercilena , S . 1985 . Morphological selection of human spermatozoa in cervical mucus “in vivo . Andrologia , 17 : 508 – 512 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riley AJ Lee W Riley EJ 1992 An ultrasound study of human coitus In W. Bezemer, P. Cohen-Kettenis, K. Slob & V. Son-Schones (Eds), Sex Matters, Amsterdam: Elsevier
   Google Scholar
• Robinson MN 1964 The Power of Sexual Surrender (p. 22) New York, Signet Books
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , WW , van Andel , P , Sabelis , I and Mooyaart , E . 1999 . Magnetic resonance imaging of male and female genitals during coitus and female sexual arousal . British Journal of Medicine , 319 : 1596 – 1600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik , A , Ahmed , I , Shafik , AA and El-Sibai , O . 2004 . Study of the effect of cervix uteri buffeting on the vaginal musculature with identification of the cervico-vaginal inhibitory reflex . Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics , 270 : 165 – 169 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singer I 1973 The Goals of Human Sexuality (pp. 72 – 75, 97) London: Wildwood House
   Google Scholar
• Thakar , R , Manyonda , I , Stanton , SL , Clarkson , P and Robinson , G . 1997 . Bladder, bowel and sexual function after hysterectomy for benign conditions . British Journal of Urology , 104 : 983 – 987 .
   Google Scholar
• Thakar , R , Ayers , S , Clarkson , P , Stanton , S and Manyonda , I . 2002 . Outcomes after total versus subtotal abdominal hysterectomy . New England Journal of Medicine , 347 : 1318 – 1325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , LA , Barratt , CL , Bolton , AE and Cooke , ID . 1992 . The leukocytic reaction of the human uterine cervix . American Journal of Reproductive Immunology , 28 : 85 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toth , A , O'Leary , W and Ledger , W . 1982 . Evidence for microbial transfer by spermatozoa . Obstetrics and Gynecology , 59 : 556 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen , H , Makinen , JI , Tenho , T , Kiiholma , T and Hirvonen , T . 1993 . Effects of abdominal hysterectomy on urinary and sexual symptoms . British Journal of Urology , 72 : 868 – 872 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walles , B , Hakanson , R , Helm , G , Owman , C , Sjoberg , NO and Sundler , F . 1980 . Relaxation of human female genital sphincters by the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 138 : 337 – 338 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zobbe , V , Gimbel , H Andersen , BM . 2004 . Sexuality after total vs subtotal hysterectomy . Acta Obstetrica Gynecologia Scandinavica , 83 : 191 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar