Complicated grief: implications for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in couples

References

• Ainsworth , M. D.S. , Blehar , M. C. , Waters , E. and Wall , S. 1978 . Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Boelan , A. , van den Hout , M. A. and van den Bout , J. 2006 . A cognitive-behavioural conceptualization of complicated grief . Clinical Psychology & Science in Practice , 13 : 109 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelen , P. A. , de Keijser , J. , van den Hout , M. A. and van den Hout , J. 2007 . Treatment of complicated grief: A comparison between cognitive-behavioural therapy and supportive counselling . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 75 ( 2 ) : 277 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1980 . Attachment and loss – Volume 1: Attachment , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bretherton , I. 1985 . “ Attachment Theory: Retrospect and prospect ” . In Growing points of attachment and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development Edited by: Bretherton , J. and Waters , E. Vol. 50 , 3 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Brumbaugh , C. C. and Fraley , R. C. 2006 . “ The evolution of attachment in romantic relationships ” . In The dynamics of romantic love: Attachment, caregiving and sex , Edited by: Mikulincer , M. and Goodman , G. New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun , L. G. and Tedeschi , R. G. 1999 . Facilitating post-traumatic growth: A clinician's guide , London : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Carnelly , K. B. , Pietromonaco , P. R. and Jaffe , K. 1994 . Developmental working models of others and related functioning . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 127 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , E. M. , Rueger , D. B. , Foy , D. W. and Donohoe , C. P. 1985 . Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD: Analysis of married and cohabiting . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 94 : 329 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clulow , C. 2000 . “ Attachment theory and the therapeutic frame ” . In Adult attachment and couple psychotherapy: The ‘Secure Base in Practice and Research’ , Edited by: Clulow , C. London : Brunner-Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Currier , J. M. , Hollans , J. M. and Neimeyer , R. A. 2006 . Sense-making, grief and the experience of violent loss: A mediational model . Death Studies , 30 : 403 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Ardenne , P. and Morrod , D. 2003 . The counselling of couples in healthcare settings: A handbook for clinicians , London : Whurr Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• De Vries , B. 1997 . Kinship bereavement in later life: Understanding variations in cause, course and consequence . Omega , 35 : 141 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etherington , K. 2007 . Loss and trauma in the lives of people with a history of drug abuse . Journal of Loss & Trauma , 12 ( 1 ) : 59 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , L. , McHugh , T. , Hopwood , M. and Watt , C. 2003 . Chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and family functioning of Vietnam veterans and their partners . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 37 : 765 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbairn , W. R.D. 1952 . An object relations theory of the personality , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , P. C. 2006 . “ The link between post-traumatic growth and forgiveness: An intuitive truth ” . In Handbook of post-traumatic growth: Research and practice , Edited by: Calhoun , L. G. and Tschi , R. G. London : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , J. W. 1981 . Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning , San Francisco, CA : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Ganz , F. , Gallagher-Thompson , D. and Rodman , J. 1992 . “ Inhibited grief ” . In Comprehensive textbook of cognitive therapy , Edited by: Freeman , A. and Datillio , F. 201 – 209 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , P. and Procter , S. 2006 . Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 13 : 353 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies , J. and Neimeyer , R. A. 2006 . Loss, grief, and the search for significance: Toward a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement . Journal of Constructivist Psychology , 19 : 31 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff , B. S.N. , Peterson , F. R. , Berg , N. , Williams , T. and Clarke , C. 2006 . The single trauma couple: A case analysis of a session transcript . Journal of Couple and Relatiohship Therapy , 5 ( 3 ) : 59 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Grieger , T. A. , Fullerton , C. S. and Ursano , R. J. 2003 . Post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol use and perceived safety after the terrorist attack on the Pentagon . Psychiatric Services , 54 ( 10 ) : 1380 – 1382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handsley , S. 2001 . ‘But what about us?’ The residual effects of sudden death on self-identity and family relationships . Mortality , 6 ( 1 ) : 9 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Hecker , L. 2007 . Trauma and couple therapy . Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy , 6 ( 1 ) : 83 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Hyer , L. and Brandsma , J. M. 1999 . “ The treatment of PTSD through grief work and forgiveness ” . In Traumatology of grieving: Conceptual, theoretical and treatment foundation , Edited by: Figley , C. London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman , R. 1992 . Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. M. 2005 . Emotionally focused couple therapy with trauma survivors: Strengthening attachment bonds , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kachadourian , L. K. , Fincham , F. and Davila , J. 2004 . The tendency to forgive in dating and married couples: The role of attachment and relationship satisfaction . Personal Relationships , 11 ( 3 ) : 373 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristjanson , L. , Lobb , E. , Aoun , S. and Monterosso , L. 2006 . A systematic review of the literature on complicated grief , Churchlands, Australia : WA Centre for Cancer and Palliative Care .
   Google Scholar
• Kulka , R. A. , Schlenger , W. A. , Fairbank , J. A. , Hough , R. L. , Jordan , B. K. , Marmar , C. R. and Weiss . 1991 . Trauma and the Vietnam War veteran generation , New York : Bruner/Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Leonard , L. M. , Follette , V. M. and Compton , J. S. 2006 . “ A principle-based intervention for couples affected by trauma ” . In Cognitive behavioural therapies for trauma , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Follette , V. M. and Ruzel , J. I. New York & London : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lerner , M. J. 1980 . The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , A. and Neumann , M. 1987 . Involving families in the treatment of combat reactions . Journal of Family Therapy , 9 : 177 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liotti , G. 2006 . A model of dissociation based on attachment theory and research . Journal of Trauma and Dissociation , 7 ( 4 ) : 55 – 73 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Livanou , M. , Basoglu , M. , Marks , I. M. , De Silva , P. , Noshirvani , H. , Lovell , K. and Thrasher , S. 2002 . Beliefs, sense of control and treatment outcome in post-traumatic stress disorder . Psychological Medicine , 32 : 157 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons , M. 2001 . Living with post-traumatic stress disorder: The wives'/female partners' perspective . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 34 ( 1 ) : 69 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons , R. K. , Dutra , L. , Schuder , M. R. and Bianchi , I. 2006 . From infant attachment disorganization to adult dissociation: Relational adaptations or traumatic experiences? . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 29 ( 1 ) : 63 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main , M. and Goldwyn , R. 1998 . Adult attachment scoring and classification system , Berkeley, CA : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , A. C. and Bookless , C. 2001 . The effect of PTSD on interpersonal relationships: Issues for emergency service workers . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 16 ( 3 ) : 261 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Middleton , W. , Burnett , P. , Raphael , B. and Martinek , N. 1996 . The bereavement response: A cluster analysis . British Journal of Psychiatry , 169 : 167 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer , M. , Shaver , P. and Slav , K. 2006 . “ Attachment, mental representations of others, and gratitude and forgiveness in romantic relationships ” . In Dynamics of romantic love: Attachment, caragiving and sex , Edited by: Mikulincer , M. and Goodman , G. S. London : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , S. A. , Johnson , L. C. and Weber , N. A. 2002 . Coping strategies following a child's violent death: How parents differ in their responses . Journal of Death and Dying , 45 ( 2 ) : 99 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer , R. 2001 . Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• NICE . 2005 . Post-traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care , London : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Nisbett , R. E. and Ross , L. 1980 . Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Orcutt , H. K. , Pickett , S. M. and Pope , E. B. 2005 . Experiential avoidance and forgiveness as mediators in the relation between traumatic interpersonal events and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 24 ( 7 ) : 1003 – 1029 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes , C. M. 1971 . Psychosocial transitions: A field for study . Social Science and Medicine , 5 : 101 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes , C. M. 1993 . “ Bereavement as a psychosocial transition: Processes of adaptation to change ” . In Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research and intervention , Edited by: Stroebe , M. , Stroebe , W. and Hansson , R. O. 91 – 101 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parkes , C. M. 1998 . Coping with loss: Bereavement in adult life . British Medical Journal , 316 : 856 – 859 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes , C. M. 2006 . Love and loss: The roots of grief and its complications , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Call , J. A. , Lensgraf , S. J. , Miller , P. D. , Flynn , B. W. , Doughty , D. E. , Tucker , P. and Dickson , W. L. 2001 . Traumatic grief in a convenience sample of victims seeking support after a terrorist incident . Annals of Clinical Psychiatry , 13 ( 1 ) : 19 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prigerson , H. G. , Bierhals , A. J. , Kasl , S. V. , Reynolds , C. F. , Shear , M. K. Newsom , J. T. 1999 . Complicated grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: A replication study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 1996 ( 153 ) : 1484 – 1486 .
   Google Scholar
• Prigerson , H. 2005 . Complicated grief: When the path of adjustment leads to a dead-end . Bereavement Care Journal , 23 ( 3 ) : 38 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , H. N. and Lopez , S. J. 2000 . Forgiveness and adaptive coping . Journal of Personality , 73 ( 2 ) : 314 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• Riggs , D. D. , Byrne , C. A. , Weathers , F. W. and Litz , B. T. 1998 . The quality of the intimate relationships of male Vietnam veterans: Problems associated with posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 : 87 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs , S. A. , Paulson , A. , Tunnel , E. , Sahl , G. , Atkinson , H. and Ross , C. 2007 . Attachment, personality and psychopathology among adult inpatients: Self-reported romantic attachment style versus Adult Attachment Interview states of mind . Development and Psychopathology , 19 ( 1 ) : 263 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riso , L. P. , Froman , S. E. , Raouf , M. , Gable , P. , Maddux , R. E. Turini-Santorelli , N. 2006 . The long-term stability of early maladaptive schemas . Cognitive Theory & Research , 30 ( 4 ) : 515 – 529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. E. , Gotlib , I. H. and Karsel , J. O. 1996 . Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attachments and low self-esteem . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 ( 2 ) : 310 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , L. , Leper , M. and Hubbard , M. R. 1975 . Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm . Journal of Personal and Social Psychology , 32 ( 5 ) : 880 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueger , D. B. August 1983 . PTSD: Analysis of female partners' relationship perception , August , Anaheim, California : Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Schnider , K. R. , Elhai , J. D. and Gray , M. J. 2007 . Coping style use predicts post-traumatic stress and complicated grief symptom severity among college students reporting a traumatic loss . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 54 ( 3 ) : 344 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schore , A. 2002 . Dysregulation of the right brain: A fundamental mechanism of traumatic attachment and the psychopathogenesis of post-traumatic stress disorder . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 36 : 9 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab , R. 1992 . Effects of a child's death on the marital relationship: A preliminary study . Death Studies , 16 ( 2 ) : 141 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear , K. , Frank , E. , Foa , E. , Cherry , C. , Reynolds , C. F. , Bilt , J. V. and Masters , S. 2001 . Traumatic grief: A pilot study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear , K. , Monk , T. , Houck , P. , Melhem , N. , Frank , E. Reynolds , C. 2007 . An attachment based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 14 : 453 – 461 .
   Google Scholar
• Shear , K. and Shair , H. 2005 . Attachment loss and complicated grief . Developmental Psychobiology , 47 : 253 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , L. R. and Heinze , L. S. 2005 . Forgiveness as a mediator of the relationship between PTSD and hostility in survivors of childhood abuse . Cognition and Emotion , 19 ( 3 ) : 413 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , M. and Schut , H. A.W. 1999 . The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: Rationale and description . Death Studies , 23 : 1 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , M. , Schut , H. and Stroebe , W. 2005 . Attachment in coping with bereavement: A theoretical integration . Review of General Psychology , 9 ( 1 ) : 48 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. Y. , Snyder , C. R. , Hoffman , L. , Michael , S. T. , Rasmussen , H. N. Billings . 2005 . Dispositional forgiveness of self, others and situations . Journal of Personality , 72 ( 2 ) : 313 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• Videka-Sherman , L. and Lieberman , M. 1985 . The effects of self-help and psychotherapy intervention on child loss: The limits of recovery . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 55 ( 11 ) : 75 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Wayment , H. A. and Vierthaler , J. 2002 . Attachment and bereavement reactions . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 7 : 129 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb , M. , Call , S. , Chickering , S. A. , Colburn , T. A. and Heisler , D. 2006 . Dispositional forgiveness and adult attachment styles . Journal of Social Psychology , 146 ( 4 ) : 509 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijngaards-de Meij , L. , Stroebe , M. , Schut , H. , Stroebe , W. , van den Bout , J. and van der Heijden , P. G.M. 2007 . Patterns of attachment and parents' adjustment to the death of their child . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 33 : 537 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijngaards-de Meij , L. , Stroebe , M. , Schut , H. , Stroebe , W. , van den Bout , J. , van der Heijden , P. G.M. and Dijkstra , I. 2008 . Parents grieving the loss of their child: Interdependence in coping . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 47 : 31 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulueta , F. 2006 . The treatment of psychological trauma perspective of attachment research . Journal of Family Therapy , 28 : 334 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar