Reconciliation and intergroup forgiveness: the case of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey

Bibliography

• Al-Ali, N., and L. Taş. “‘War is Like a Blanket’: Feminist Convergences in Kurdish and Turkish Women’s Rights Activism for Peace.” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 13, no. 3 (2017): 354–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alinia, M., and B. Eliassi. “Temporal and Generational Impact on Identity, Home (Land) and Politics of Belonging among the Kurdish Diaspora.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 4, no. 2 (2014): 73–81.
   Google Scholar
• Azcárate, Camilo. “Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia.” Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution 2, no. 1 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Bakiner, Onur. “Is Turkey Coming to Terms with its Past? Politics of Memory and Majoritarian Conservatism.” Nationalities Papers 41, no. 5 (2013): 691–708.
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal, D. “Socio-psychological Foundations of Intractable Conflicts.” American Behavioral Scientist 50 (2007): 1430–1453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal, D. Intractable Conflicts: Socio-psychological Foundations and Dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal, D., and G. H. Bennink. “The Nature of Reconciliation as an Outcome and as a Process.” In From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, edited by Y. Bar-Siman-Tov, 11–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Başer, B. The Kurdish Diaspora in Europe: Identity Formation and Political Activism. Boğaziçi University-TÜSİAD Foreign Policy Forum Research Report, 2013. http://dispolitikaforumu.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Bahar_Baser_RR_01_2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Başer, B. “Intricacies of Engaging Diasporas in Conflict Resolution and Transitional Justice: The Kurdish Diaspora and the Peace Process in Turkey.” Civil Wars 19, no. 4 (2017): 470–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Başer, Zeynep, and Ayşe Betül Çelik. “Imagining Peace in a Conflict Environment: Kurdish Youths’ Framing of the Kurdish Issue in Turkey.” Patterns of Prejudice 48, no. 3 (2014): 265–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baysu, G., and Y. Duman. “Why Does Identity Matter? A Two-path Model to Intergroup Forgiveness via In-group Bias and Outgroup Blame.” Psychological Research 19, no. 1 (2016): 43–51.
   Google Scholar
• Bilali, R. “The Downsides of National Identification for Minority Groups in Intergroup Conflicts in Assimilationist Societies.” British Journal of Social Psychology 53, no. 1 (2014): 21–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biner, Zerrin Özlem. “The Logic of Reconciliation: Between the Right to Compensation and the Right to Justice in Turkey.” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 4, no. 1 (2013): 73–91.
   Google Scholar
• Bousetta, H., and M. Swyngedouw. La citoyenneté de l’Union Européenne et l’enjeu de Bruxelles. Brussels: Courier Hebdomadaire de CRISP, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Casier, M. “Neglected Middle Men? Gatekeepers in Homeland Politics. Case: Flemish Nationalists’ Receptivity to the Plight of Turkey’s Kurds.” Social Identities 17, no. 4 (2011): 501–521.
   Google Scholar
• Çelebi, E., M. Verkuyten, T. Köse, and M. Maliepaard. “Out-group Trust and Conflict Understandings: The Perspective of Turks and Kurds in Turkey.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 40, no. 1 (2014): 64–75.
   Google Scholar
• Çelik, A. “The Need for Reconciliation in the Kurdish Issue: Why, How and with Whom?”[ Kürt meselesi’ni dönüştürmede toplumsal mutabakat ihtiyacı: Neden, nasıl, kimle?] In Conflict Resolution and Peace [ Çatışma Çözümleri ve Barış], edited by M. Aktaş, 131–152. İstanbul: İletişim, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Çelik, Ayşe Betül. “The Kurdish Issue and Levels of Ontological Security.” In Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security: Peace Anxieties, edited by B. Rumelili. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Çelik, A. B., and A. Blum. “Track II Interventions and the Kurdish Question in Turkey: An Analysis Using Theories of Change Approach.” International Journal of Peace Studies 12, no. 2 (2007): 51–81.
   Google Scholar
• Cohrs, J. C., Ö. M. Uluğ, L. Stahel, and R. Kışlıoşlu. “Ethos of Conflict and Beyond: Differentiating Social Representations of Conflict.” In The Social Psychology of Intractable Conflicts: Celebrating the Legacy of Daniel Bar-Tal. Vol. 1, edited by E. Halperin, and K. Sharvit, 33–45. New York: Springer, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Čehajić, S., R. Brown, and E. Castano. “Forgive and Forget? Antecedents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Political Psychology 29 (2008): 351–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enright, R. D., S. Freedman, and J. Rique. “The Psychology of Interpersonal Forgiveness.” In Exploring Forgiveness, edited by R. D. Enrigh, and J. North, 46–62. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Ensaroğlu, Y. “Turkey’s Kurdish Question and the Peace Process.” Insight Turkey 15, no. 2 (2013): 12–13.
   Google Scholar
• Fleischmann, F., K. Phalet, and O. Klein. “Religious Identification and Politicization in the Face of Discrimination: Support for Political Islam and Political Action among the Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation in Europe.” British Journal of Social Psychology 50, no. 4 (2011): 628–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaertner, S. L., and J. F. Dovidio. Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common In-group Identity Model. Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Hallgren, K. A. “Computing Inter-rater Reliability for Observational Data: An Overview and Tutorial.” Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology 8, no. 1 (2012): 23–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hjort, H., and A. Frisen. “Ethnic Identity and Reconciliation: Two Main Tasks for the Young in Bosnia-Herzegovina.” Adolescence 41, no. 161 (2006): 141–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ICG (International Crisis Group). Turkey and the PKK: Saving the Peace Process, 2014. https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/turkey-and-the-pkk-saving-the-peace-process.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jeannotte, S. M. “Promoting Social Integration – A Brief Examination of Concepts and Issues.” Report for the Experts Group Meeting of U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2008. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/social/meetings/egm6_social_integration/documents/Jeannotte_Concepts.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• JimmisVideos. “Muslims Riot in Belgium 06/11/2011 -- Turks and Kurds in Savage Street War in Antwerp.” Video File, November 6, 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = 2iaYb1vFvV0.
   Google Scholar
• Kanazayire, C., L. Licata, P. Mélotte, J. P. Dusingizemungu, and A. E. Azzi. “Does Identification with Rwanda Increase Reconciliation Sentiments between Genocide Survivors and Non-victims? The Mediating Roles of Perceived Intergroup Similarity and Self-esteem during Commemorations.” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 2, no. 1 (2014): 489–504.
   Google Scholar
• Kelman, Herbert C. “Reconciliation as Identity Change: A Social Psychological Perspective.” In From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, edited by Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, 111–124. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kelman, Herbert C. “Reconciliation from a Social-psychological Perspective.” In Social Psychology of Intergroup Reconciliation, edited by A. Nadler, T. Malloy, and J. D. Fisher, 15–32. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• KONDA. Biz Kimiz? Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması [ Who are We? Research on Social Structures]. Istanbul: Konda Araştırma ve Danışmanlık, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• KONDA. Kürt meselesinde algı ve beklentiler [ Perception and Epectations in Kurdish Issue]. Istanbul: Konda Araştırma ve Danışmanlık, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• KONDA. Konda Barometresi: Temalar, Sorun Çözme [ Konda Barometer: Themes, Problem Solving]. Istanbul: Konda Araştırma ve Danışmanlık, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Koutroubas, T., W. Vloeberghs, and Z. Yanasmayan. “Political, Religious and Ethnic Radicalisation among Muslims in Belgium.” In Ethno-religious Conflict in Europe: Typologies of Radicalisation in Europe’s Muslim Communities, edited by M. Emerson, 51–80. Brussels: Centre European Policy Studies, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Licata, L., O. Klein, W. Saade, A. E. Azzi, and N. R. Branscombe. “Perceived Outgroup (Dis)continuity and Attribution of Responsibility for the Lebanese Civil War Mediate Effects of National and Religious Subgroup Identification on Intergroup Attitudes.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 15, no. 2 (2012): 179–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandıracı, B. Turkey’s PKK Conflict: The Death Toll [International Crisis Group Report]. July 20, 2016. http://blog.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/2016/07/20/turkey-s-pkk-conflict-the-rising-toll/.
   Google Scholar
• McCutcheon, A. C. Latent Class Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• McLernon, F., E. Cairns, and M. Hewstone. “Views on Forgiveness in Northern Ireland.” Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 14, no. 3 (2002): 285–290.
   Google Scholar
• Moeschberger, S. L., D. N. Dixon, U. Niens, and E. Cairns. “Forgiveness in Northern Ireland: An Empirical Model for Peace in the Midst of the ‘Troubles’.” Peace and Conflict Journal: Journal of Peace Psychology 41 (2005): 115–121.
   Google Scholar
• Mukashema, I., and E. Mullet. “Reconciliation Sentiment among Victims of Genocide in Rwanda: Conceptualizations, and Relationships with Mental Health.” Social Indicators Research 99 (2010): 25–39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadler, A. “Intergroup Reconciliation: Definitions, Processes and Future Directions.” In The Oxford Handbook of Intergroup Conflict, edited by L. Tropp, 291–309. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Nadler, A., and N. Shnabel. “Intergroup Reconciliation: Instrumental and Socio-emotional Processes and the Needs-based Model.” European Review of Social Psychology 26, no. 1 (2015): 93–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuberg, S. L., C. M. Warner, S. A. Mistler, A. Berlin, E. D. Hill, J. D. Johnson, G. Filip-Crawford, et al. “Religion and Intergroup Conflict: Findings from the Global Group Relations Project.” Psychological Science 25, no. 1 (2014): 198–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noor, M., R. Brown, R. Gonzalez, J. Manzi, and C. A. Lewis. “On Positive Psychological Outcomes: What Helps Groups with a History of Conflict to Forgive and Reconcile with Each Other?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (2008): 819–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noor, M., R. Brown, and G. Prentice. “Precursors and Mediators of Intergroup Reconciliation in Northern Ireland: A New Model.” British Journal of Social Psychology 47 (2008): 481–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Østergaard-Nielsen, E. K. “Transnational Political Practices and the Receiving State: Turks and Kurds in Germany and the Netherlands.” Global Networks 1, no. 3 (2001): 261–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phalet, K., G. Baysu, and K. van Acker. “Ethnicity and Migration in Europe.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed., edited by J. Wright, 142–147. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Postmes, T., S. A. Haslam, and L. Jans. “A Single-item Measure of Social Identification: Reliability, Validity, and Utility.” British Journal of Social Psychology 52, no. 4 (2013): 597–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigoni, I. “Les mobilisations des Kurdes en Europe.” Revue européenne des migrations internationales 14, no. 3 (1998): 203–223.
   Google Scholar
• Résistances. “Les loups gris responsables d’actions terroristes à Bruxelles – 12/10/2007.” News Coverage, October 22, 2007. http://www.resistances.be/loupsgris03.html.
   Google Scholar
• Schäfers, M. “Being Sick of Politics: The Production of Dengbêjî as Kurdish Cultural Heritage in Contemporary Turkey.” European Journal of Turkish Studies 20 (2015). http://ejts.revues.org/5200.
   Google Scholar
• Shnabel, N., and A. Nadler. “A Needs-based Model of Reconciliation: Satisfying the Differential Emotional Needs of Victim and Perpetrator as a Key to Promoting Reconciliation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94 (2008): 116–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shnabel, N., A. Nadler, J. Ullrich, J. F. Dovidio, and D. Carmi. “Promoting Reconciliation through the Satisfaction of the Emotional Needs of Victimized and Perpetrating Group Members: The Needs-based Model of Reconciliation.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35 (2009): 1021–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirkeci, I. “Exploring the Kurdish Population in the Turkish Context.” GENUS, International Journal of Demography 56, no. 1–2 (2005): 149–175.
   Google Scholar
• Spini, Dario, Guy Elcheroth, and Rachel Fasel. “Towards a Community Approach of the Aftermath of War in the Former Yugoslavia: Collective Experiences, Social Practices, and Representations.” In War, Community, and Social Change, 3–23. New York: Springer, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Staub, E. “Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict: Understanding the Roots of Violence, Psychological Recovery, and Steps toward a General Theory.” Political Psychology 27 (2006): 867–894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uluğ, Ö. M., and J. C. Cohrs. “An Exploration of Lay People’s Kurdish Conflict Frames in Turkey.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 22, no. 2 (2016): 109–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uluğ, Ö. M., and J. C. Cohrs. “Examining the Ethos of Conflict by Exploring Lay People’s Representations of the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey.” Conflict Management and Peace Science. (2017): 1–22. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0738894216674969.
   Google Scholar
• Uluğ, Özden Melis, and J. Christopher Cohrs. “How Do Experts Differ from Politicians in Understanding a Conflict? A Comparison of Track I and Track II Actors.” Conflict Resolution Quarterly 35, no. 2 (2017): 147–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ünlü, Barış. “The Kurdish Struggle and the Crisis of the Turkishness Contract.” Philosophy & Social Criticism 42, no. 4–5 (2016): 397–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bruinessen, M. “Shifting National and Ethnic Identities: The Kurds in Turkey and the European Diaspora.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 18, no. 1 (1998): 39–52.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, T. A. “Discourse, Power and Access.” In Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by C. R. Caldas-Coulthard, and M. Coulthard, 84–104. London: Routledge, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Van Tongeren, D. R., J. L. Burnette, E. O’Boyle, E. L. Worthington, and D. R. Forsyth. “A Meta-analysis of Intergroup Forgiveness.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 9, no. 1 (2014): 81–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeğen, M. “The Kurdish Peace Process in Turkey: Genesis, Evolution and Prospects.” Global Turkey in Europe, 2015. http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/gte_wp_11.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yeğen, M. “Turkish Nationalism and the Kurdish Question.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30, no. 1 (2007): 119–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeğen, Mesut. “‘Prospective-Turks’ or ‘Pseudo-Citizens’: Kurds in Turkey.” The Middle East Journal 63, no. 4 (2009): 597–615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldız, K. “Turkey’s Kurdish Conflict: Pathways to Progress.” Insight Turkey 14, no. 4 (2012): 151–174.
   Google Scholar