Ignorance or trade-off? Testing three explanations for the re-election of corrupt politicians using data from an embedded survey in Turkey

Bibliography

• Adaman, Fikret, and Ali Çarkoğlu. “Social Capital and Corruption during Times of Crisis: A Look at Turkish Firms during the Economic Crisis of 2001.” Turkish Studies 4, no. 2 (2003): 120–145. doi: 10.1080/14683849.2003.9687232
   Google Scholar
• Adaman, Fikret, Ali Çarkoğlu, and Burhan Şenatalar. Hanehalkı gözünden kamu hizmetleri ve yolsuzluk [Household View on Public Services and Corruption]. Ankara: TEPAV Yayınları, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Akarca, Ali T., and Aysit Tansel. “Economic Performance and Political Outcomes: An Analysis of the Turkish Parliamentary and Local Election Results Between 1950 and 2004.” Public Choice 129, no. 1-2 (2006): 77–105. doi: 10.1007/s11127-005-9013-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akarca, Ali T., and Aysit Tansel. “Voter Reaction to Government Incompetence and Corruption Related to the 1999 Earthquakes in Turkey.” Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 1 (2016): 309–335. doi: 10.1108/JES-07-2014-0115
   Google Scholar
• Al-Ississ, Mohamad, and Samer Atallah. “Patronage and Ideology in Electoral Behavior: Evidence from Egypt’s First Presidential Elections.” European Journal of Political Economy 37 (2015): 241–248. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Christopher J., and Yuliya V. Tverdova. “Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 47, no. 1 (2003): 91–109. doi: 10.1111/1540-5907.00007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anduiza, Eva, Aina Gallego, and Jordi Muñoz. “Turning a Blind Eye: Experimental Evidence of Partisan Bias in Attitudes Toward Corruption.” Comparative Political Studies 46, no. 12 (2013): 1664–1692. doi: 10.1177/0010414013489081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, Abhijit, Donald P. Green, Jeffery McManus, and Rohini Pande. “Are Poor Voters Indifferent to Whether Elected Leaders Are Criminal or Corrupt? A Vignette Experiment in Rural India.” Political Communication 31, no. 3 (2014): 391–407. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2014.914615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, Robert J. “The Control of Politicians: An Economic Model.” Public Choice 14, no. 1 (1973): 19–42. doi: 10.1007/BF01718440
   Google Scholar
• Başlevent, Cem, and Hasan Kirmanoğlu. “Economic Voting in Turkey: Perceptions, Expectations, and the Party Choice.” Research and Policy on Turkey 1, no. 1 (2016): 88–101. doi: 10.1080/23760818.2015.1099784
   Google Scholar
• Başlevent, Cem, Hasan Kirmanoğlu, and Burhan Şenatalar. “Empirical Investigation of Party Preferences and Economic Voting in Turkey.” European Journal of Political Research 44, no. 4 (2005): 547–562. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00238.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Başlevent, Cem, Hasan Kirmanoğlu, and Burhan Şenatalar. “Party Preferences and Economic Voting in Turkey (Now That the Crisis Is Over.).” Party Politics 15, no. 3 (2009): 377–391. doi: 10.1177/1354068808097896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunetti, A., and Beatrice Weder. “A Free Press Is Bad News for Corruption.” Journal of Public Economics 87, no. 7-8 (2003): 1801–1824. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00186-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. The American Voter. New York: Wiley, 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Çarkoğlu, Ali. “Ideology or Economic Pragmatism?: Profiling Turkish Voters in 2007.” Turkish Studies 9, no. 2 (2008): 317–344. doi: 10.1080/14683840802012074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çarkoğlu, Ali. “Economic Evaluations vs. Ideology: Diagnosing the Sources of Electoral Change in Turkey, 2002-2011.” Electoral Studies 31, no. 3 (2012): 513–521. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2012.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çarkoğlu, Ali. “Voting Behavior in Turkey.” In Handbook of Modern Turkey, edited by Metin Heper, and Sabri Sayarı, 160–170. London: Routledge, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Çarkoğlu, Ali. “Plus ça Change Plus C’est la Même Chose: Consolidation of the AKP’s Predominance in the March 2014 Local Elections in Turkey.” South European Society and Politics 19, no. 2 (2014): 169–192. doi: 10.1080/13608746.2014.939853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çarkoğlu, Ali. “Ethics and Corruption: Contrasting Perspectives of the General Public and Business Community in Turkey.” In Business Ethics and Institutions: The Evolution of Turkish Capitalism in Global Perspectives, edited by Asli M. Colpan, and Geoffrey Jones, 203–223. London: Routledge, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Eric CC, and Nicholas N. Kerr. “An Insider-Outsider Theory of Popular Tolerance for Corrupt Politicians.” Governance 30, no. 1 (2017): 67–84. doi: 10.1111/gove.12193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esen, Berk, and Sebnem Gumuscu. “Building a Competitive Authoritarian Regime: State-Business Relations in the AKP’s Turkey.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 20, no. 4 (2018): 349–372. doi: 10.1080/19448953.2018.1385924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, James D. “Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types Versus Sanctioning Poor Performance.” In Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, edited by Adam Przeworski, Bernard Manin, and Susan Stokes, 55–97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Ferejohn, John. “Incumbent Performance and Electoral Control.” Public Choice 50, no. 1 (1986): 5–25. doi: 10.1007/BF00124924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraz, Claudio, and Frederico Finan. “Exposing Corrupt Politicians: The Effects of Brazil’s Publicly Released Audits on Electoral Outcomes.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123, no. 2 (2008): 703–745. doi: 10.1162/qjec.2008.123.2.703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, Leon. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, Alan, and Donald Green. “Misperceptions about Perceptual Bias.” Annual Review of Political Science 2, no. 1 (1999): 189–210. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazama, Yasushi. “Economic and Corruption Voting in a Predominant Party System: The Case of Turkey.” Acta Politica 53, no. 1 (2018): 121–148. doi: 10.1057/s41269-017-0041-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin. “Kulturkampf in Turkey: The Constitutional Referendum of 12 September 2010.” South European Society and Politics 17, no. 1 (2012): 1–22. doi: 10.1080/13608746.2011.600555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimya, Fırat. “Political Economy of Corruption in Turkey: Declining Petty Corruption, Rise of Cronyism?” Turkish Studies 20, no. 3 (2019): 351–376. doi: 10.1080/14683849.2018.1531352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasnja, Marko, Andrew T. Little, and Joshua A. Tucker. “Political Corruption Traps.” Political Science Research and Methods 6, no. 3 (2018): 413–428. doi: 10.1017/psrm.2016.45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasnja, Marko, and Joshua A. Tucker. “The Economy, Corruption, and the Vote: Evidence from Experiments in Sweden and Moldova.” Electoral Studies 32, no. 3 (2013): 536–543. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2013.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurer, Oskar. “Why Do Voters Support Corrupt Politicians?” In The Political Economy of Corruption, edited by Arvind K. Jain, 63–86. London: Routledge, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Manzetti, Luigi, and Carole J. Wilson. “Why Do Corrupt Governments Maintain Public Support?” Comparative Political Studies 40, no. 8 (2007): 949–970. doi: 10.1177/0010414005285759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardin, Şerif. “Center-Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish Politics?” Daedalus 102, no. 1 (1973): 169–190.
   Google Scholar
• Mullainathan, Sendhil, and Ebonya Washington. “Sticking with Your Vote: Cognitive Dissonance and Political Attitudes.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1, no. 1 (2009): 86–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, Jordi, Eva Anduiza, and Aina Gallego. “Why Do Voters Forgive Corrupt Mayors? Implicit Exchange, Credibility of Information and Clean Alternatives.” Local Government Studies 42, no. 4 (2016): 598–615. doi: 10.1080/03003930.2016.1154847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Ziya. “The Triumph of Conservative Globalism: The Political Economy of the AKP Era.” Turkish Studies 13, no. 2 (2012): 135–152. doi: 10.1080/14683849.2012.685252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Ziya. “Turkey’s Two Elections: The AKP Comes Back.” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 2 (2016): 141–154. doi: 10.1353/jod.2016.0021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson, Torsten, Guido Tabellini, and Francesco Trebbi. “Electoral Rules and Corruption.” Journal of the European Economic Association 1, no. 4 (2003): 958–989. doi: 10.1162/154247603322493203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, Richard. “Turkish Voters and Losers’ Consent.” Turkish Studies 9, no. 2 (2008): 363–378. doi: 10.1080/14683840802012116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundquist, Barry S., Gerald S. Strom, and John G. Peters. “Corrupt Politicians and Their Electoral Support: Some Experimental Observations.” The American Political Science Review 71, no. 3 (1977): 954–963. doi: 10.1017/S0003055400265179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayarı, Sabri. “The Study of Party Politics in Turkey.” In Party Politics in Turkey: A Comparative Perspective, edited by Sabri Sayarı, Pelin Ayan Musil, and Özhan Demirkol, 10–26. London: Routledge, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Sherrod, Drury R. “Selective Perception of Political Candidates.” Public Opinion Quarterly 35, no. 4 (1971): 554–562. doi: 10.1086/267951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, Susan C. Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Winters, Matthew S., and Rebecca Weitz-Shapiro. “Lacking Information or Condoning Corruption: When Do Voters Support Corrupt Politicians?” Comparative Politics 45, no. 4 (2013): 418–436. doi: 10.5129/001041513X13815259182857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuthrich, F. Michael. “An Essential Center-Periphery Electoral Cleavage and the Turkish Party System.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 4 (2013): 751–773. doi: 10.1017/S0020743813000895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagci, Alper H., and Cem Oyvat. “Partisanship, Media and the Objective Economy: Sources of Individual-Level Economic Assessments.” Electoral Studies 66 (2020): 102135. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, John R. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar