1,081
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Transnistrian strategy in the context of Russian–Ukrainian relations: the rise and failure of ‘dual alignment’

&
Pages 169-194 | Received 02 Jul 2015, Accepted 25 Nov 2015, Published online: 04 Mar 2016

References

  • Akcinaroglu, S., Elizabeth Radziszewski, and Paul F. Diehl. 2014. The effects of rivalry on rivalry: Accommodation and the management of threats. Foreign Policy Analysis 10, no. 1: 81–100. doi:10.1111/fpa.12007.
  • Bailes, Alyson J.K., Rickli, Jean-Marc, and Thorllsson, Baldur. 2014. Small states, survival and strategy. In Small states and international security: Europe and beyond, ed. Alyson J.K. Bailes, Anders Wivel, and Clive Archer, 26–45, Oxon, MD: Routledge.
  • Baltag, Alexandru. 2013. Challenges in leadership and public opinion in Moldova: Threats and opportunities. In Managing intractable conflicts. Lessons from Moldova and Cyprus, 49–52. İstanbul Kültür University Publications No. 191. Istanbul: Istanbul Kültür University.
  • Barnett, Michael N., and Jack S. Levy. 1991. Domestic sources of alliances and alignments: The case of Egypt, 1962–73. International Organization 45, no. 03: 369–395. doi:10.1017/S0020818300033142.
  • Beeson, M. 2007. The Declining theoretical and practical utility of ‘Bandwagoning’: American hegemony in the age of terror. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 9, no. 4: 618–635. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2007.00271.x.
  • Blakkisrud, Helge, and Pål Kolstø. 2011. From Secessionist conflict toward a functioning state: Processes of state- and nation-building in Transnistria. Post-Soviet Affairs 27, no. 2: 178–210. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.27.2.178.
  • Bobick, Michael. 2011. Profits of disorder: Images of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic. Global Crime 12, no. 4: 239–265. doi:10.1080/17440572.2011.616048.
  • Bruce, Chloë. 2007. Power resources: The political agenda in Russo-Moldovan gas relations. Problems of Post-Communism 54, no. 3: 29–47. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216540303.
  • Calus, Kamil. 2014. Chisinau is taking a tougher stance on Transnistria. Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW). http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-11-05/chisinau-taking-a-tougher-stance-transnistria.
  • Cantir, Cristian, and Ryan Kennedy. 2014. Balancing on the shoulders of giants: Moldova’s foreign policy toward Russia and the European Union. Foreign Policy Analysis. doi:10.1111/fpa.12051.
  • Carr, Edward H. 1940. The twenty years’ crisis, 1919–1939: An introduction to the study of international relations. London: Macmillan.
  • Chamberlain-Creanga, Rebecca, and Lyndon K. Allin. 2010. Acquiring assets, debts and citizens Russia and the micro-foundations of Transnistria’s Stalemated conflict. Demokratizatsiya 18, no. 4: 329–356.
  • Chinn, Jeff, and Steven D. Roper. 1995. Ethnic mobilization and reactive nationalism: The case of Moldova. Nationalities Papers 23, no. 2: 291–325. doi:10.1080/00905999508408378.
  • Christensen, Thomas J., and Jack Snyder. 1990. Chain gangs and passed bucks: Predicting alliance patterns in multipolarity. International Organization 44, no. 2: 137–168.10.1017/S0020818300035232
  • CISR (Center for Strategic Studies and Reforms). 2010. The economy of Transnistria: View from the outside. Chisinau. http://www.cisr-md.org/pdf/viewfromoutside.pdf.
  • Clark, Christopher M. 2013. The sleepwalkers: How Europe went to war in 1914. New York: Harper.
  • Cojocaru, Natalia. 2006. Nationalism and Identity in Transnistria. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 19, no. 3–4: 261–272. doi:10.1080/13511610601029813.
  • Crowther, William. 1998. Ethnic politics and the post-communist transition in Moldova. Nationalities Papers 26, no. 1: 147–164. doi:10.1080/00905999808408555.
  • David, Steven R. 1991. Explaining third world alignment. World Politics. 43, no. 02: 233–256. doi:10.2307/2010472.
  • Devyatkov, Andrey. 2012. Russian policy toward Transnistria. Problems of Post-Communism 59, no. 03: 53–62. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216590305.
  • Dias, Vanda Amaro. 2013. The EU’s post-liberal approach to peace: Framing EUBAM’s contribution to the Moldova-Transnistria conflict transformation. European Security 22, no. 3: 338–354. doi:10.1080/09662839.2012.712039.
  • Doeser, F. 2011. Domestic politics and foreign policy change in small states: The fall of the Danish ‘footnote policy’. Cooperation and Conflict 46, no. 2: 222–241. doi:10.1177/0010836711406417.
  • Elman, Miriam F. 1995. The foreign policies of small states: Challenging neorealism in its own backyard. British Journal of Political Science 25, no. 02: 171. doi:10.1017/S0007123400007146.
  • Felgengauer P. 2015. Garnizon Pridnestrovjya na podnozhnom kormu [Transnistrian garnison on]. Novaya gazeta, July 13.
  • Fokina, Liudmila. 2013. Dvadtsatiletniaia transformatsiia moldavskoi ekonomiki [ 20 years of transformations in Moldovan economy]. Rossiyskiy ekonomicheskiy zhurnal. No 1: 72–85.
  • Getmanchuk, Alyona. 2013. Transnistria: Ukraine’s approach and expectations from OSCE’s chairmanship. A view from Kiev. Policy Memo 32 CRPE. http://www.crpe.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Policy-Memo-32-Transnistria-Romania-Ukraine-Views-from-Kyiv.pdf.
  • Gudim, Anatol, ed. 2005. Transnistrian market and its impact on policy and economy of the Republic of Moldova. Chisinau: Fridrich Ebert Foundation.
  • Gudim, Anatol. 2006. Transnistria: Conflicts and pragmatism of the economy. Chisinau: Center for Strategic Studies and Reforms.
  • Hey, Jeanne A.K. 2003. Small states in world politics: Explaining foreign policy behavior. London: Lynne Rienner.
  • Hill, William H. 2012. Russia, the near abroad and the west: Lessons from the Moldova-Transdniestria conflict. Washington, DC/Baltimore, MD: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press, xvii, 271 pp.
  • Horowitz, Shale. 2003. Political sources of military defeat in post-communist ethnic conflicts. European Security 12, no. 1: 17–38. doi:10.1080/09662830412331307986.
  • ICG (International crisis group). 2004. Moldova: Regional tensions over Transdniestria. Europe Report No157. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/157_moldova_regional_tensions_over_transdniestria.pdf.
  • ICG (International crisis group). 2006. Moldova’s uncertain future. Europe Report No 175. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/175_moldova_s_uncertain_future.pdf.
  • Isachenko, Daria. 2008. The production of recognized space: Statebuilding practices of Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 2, no. 3: 353–368. doi:10.1080/17502970802436353.
  • Isachenko, Daria. 2009. On the political economy of unrecognised state-building projects. The International Spectator 44, no. 4: 61–75. doi:10.1080/03932720903351161.
  • Kappmeier, Mariska, Mandy Fütterer, and Alexander Redlich. 2014. Transforming the frozen conflict of Moldova-Transdniestria through joint mediation training. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 9, no. 3: 88–94. doi:10.1080/15423166.2014.984562.
  • Karabeshkin, Leonid A., and Dina R. Spechler. 2007. EU and NATO enlargement: Russia’s expectations, responses and options for the future1. European Security 16, no. 3–4: 307–328. doi:10.1080/09662830701776056.
  • Kassimeris, Christos. 2009. The foreign policy of small powers. International Politics 46: 84–101.10.1057/ip.2008.34
  • Kaufman, Stuart. 1996. Spiraling to Ethnic War: elites, masses, and Moscow in Moldova’s Civil War. International Security 21, no. 2: 108–138.10.1162/isec.21.2.108
  • Kaufman, Stuart J., and Stephen R. Bowers. 1998. Transnational dimensions of the Transnistrian conflict. Nationalities Papers 26, no. 1: 129–146. doi:10.1080/00905999808408554.
  • Kennedy, Paul M. 1987. The rise and fall of the great powers: Economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000. 1st ed. New York: Random House.
  • King, Charles. 1994. Moldovan identity and the politics of Pan-Romanianism. Slavic Review 53, no. 2: 345–368.10.2307/2501297
  • Kocherov, S. 2014. ‘Russkiy mir’: problema opredeleniya [‘Russian world’: The problem of definition]. Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo Universiteta 5: 163–167.
  • Kolossov, Vladimir, and Dmitri Zayats. 2001. Moldova i Pridnestrovje: natsionalnoe stroitelstvo, territorial identities, perspectivy razreshenia konflikta [Moldova and Transnistria: Nation building, territorial identities, prospects for conflict regulation]. Vestnik Evrazii. http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/moldova-i-pridnestrovie-natsionalnoe-stroitelstvo-territorialnye-identichnosti-perspektivy-razresheniya-konflikta.
  • Kolsto, Pal, Andrei Edemsky, and Natalya Kalashnikova. 1993. The dniester conflict: Between irredentism and separatism. Europe-Asia Studies 45, no. 6: 973–1000.10.1080/09668139308412137
  • Korobov, Vladimir, and Georgii Byanov. 2006. The ‘Renewal’ of Transnistria. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 22, no. 4: 517–528. doi:10.1080/13523270601019581.
  • Kosienkowskiy, M. 2012. Continuity and change in Transnistria foreign policy after the 2011 presidential elections. Lublin: The Publishing House of Lublin Catholic University.
  • Larson, Deborah W. 1991. Bandwagoning images in American foreign policy: Mith or reality? In Dominoes and bandwagons: Strategic beliefs and great power competition in the Eurasian rimland, ed. Robert Jervis and Jack Snyder, 85–111. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lavrov S. 2015 Russkiy mir na puti konsolidatsii [‘Russian world’ underway towards consolidation]. Rossiiskaya gazeta. http://www.rg.ru/2015/11/02/lavrov.html.
  • Leontjeva, Olga. 2014. Politicheskie elity Moldovy i Pridnestrovja v sovremennom politicheskom processe [Political elites of Moldova and Transnistria in the contemporary p olitical process]. PolitBook, no. 2: 153–167.
  • Lynch, Allen C. 2001. The realism of Russia’s foreign policy. Europe-Asia Studies 53, no. 1: 7–31. doi:10.1080/09668130124714.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. 2011. The tragedy of great power politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Transnistrain Moldovan Republic. 2003. Memorandum ob osnovnykh printsipakh gosudarstvennogo ustrojstva ob’edinenniogo gosudarstva. November 15, 2003. http://mfa-pmr.org/ru/KdT.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Transnistrain Moldovan Republic. 2012. The foreign policy concept of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. http://mfa-pmr.org/en/yGL.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Transnistrian Moldavin Republic. 2014. Statement by the PMR’s ministry of foreign affairs regarding the accession of the Republic of Crimeea to the Russian Federation, March 19. http://mfa-pmr.org/index.php?newsid=3963.
  • Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Romania. 1991. ACT No. 21/1991 on Romanian citizenship, Official Journal of Romania, Part I, No. 576, August 13, 2010
  • Neumann, Iver B., and Gstoehl Sieglinde. 2004. Lilliputians in Gulliver’s world? Small states in international relations.  Reykjavik: Centre for Small States Studies, University of Iceland.
  • O’Loughlin, John, Gerard Toal (Gearóid Ó Tuathail), and Rebecca Chamberlain-Creangă. 2013. Divided space, divided attitudes? Comparing the Republics of Moldova and Pridnestrovie (Transnistria) using simultaneous surveys. Eurasian Geography and Economics 54, no. 2: 227–258. doi:10.1080/15387216.2013.816619.
  • OSCE. 1997. Memorandum on the foundations for normalization of relations between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria. Moscow. http://www.osce.org/moldova/42309?download=true
  • Pape, Robert. 2005. Soft Balancing against the United States. International Security 30, no. 1: 7–45.10.1162/0162288054894607
  • Parliament of the Republic of Moldova. 1989. Zakon nr. 3465 o funktsionirovanii yazykov na territorii Moldavskoi SSR [Law #3465 about the languages on the territory of Moldovan SSR]. September 1. Chisinau. http://lex.justice.md/ru/312813/
  • Parliament of the Republic of Moldova. 1991. Deklaratsiia o nezavisimosti Respubliki Moldova [Declaration of independence of the Republic of Moldova]. August 27.  Chisinau. http://www.presedinte.md/rus/declaration
  • Paul, T.V. 2005. Soft Balancing in the age of U.S. primacy. International Security 30, no. 1: 46–71.10.1162/0162288054894652
  • Peterka-Benton, Daniela. 2012. Arms Trafficking in Transnistria: A European Security Threat? Journal of Applied Security Research, 7, no. 1: 71–92. doi: 10.1080/19361610.2012.631407
  • Popescu, Nicu. 2010. ‪EU foreign policy and post-soviet conflicts‬: ‪Stealth intervention‬. London: Routledge.
  • Popescu, Nicu, and Leonid Liltra. 2012. Transnistria: A bottom up solution. ECFR Policy brief. http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR63_TRANSNISTRIA_BRIEF_AW.pdf.
  • Proedrou, Filippos. 2010. Ukraine’s foreign policy: Accounting for Ukraine’s indeterminate stance between Russia and the west. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 10, no. 4: 443–456. doi:10.1080/14683857.2010.529993.
  • Protsyk, Oleh. 2006. Moldova’s dilemmas in democratizing and reintegrating Transnistria. Problems of Post-Communism 53, no. 4: 29–41. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216530403.
  • Protsyk, Oleh. 2009. Representation and democracy in Eurasia’s unrecognized states: The case of Transnistria. Post-Soviet Affairs 25, no. 3: 257–281. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.24.3.257.
  • Putin V. 2006. Vstupitelnoe slovo na vstreche s tvorcheskoi intelligentsiey [Introductory remarks at the meeting with the artistic intelligentsia]. Saint-Petersburg. November 29, 2006. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/23930.
  • Putin V. 2007. Ukaz prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii o sozdanii fonda ‘Russkiy mir’ [Executive order on the creation of the Russian world foundation]. July 21, 2007. http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/25689.
  • Quinlan, Paul D. 2008. A foot in both camps: Moldova and the Transnistrian conundrum from the Kozak memorandum. East European Quarterly 42, no. 2: 129–160.
  • Rodkiewicz, Witold, ed. 2011. Transnistrian conflict after 20 years. Warsaw. http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/transnistrian_conflict_after_20_years.pdf
  • Roper, Steven D. 2001. Regionalism in Moldova: The case of Transnistria and Gagauzia. Regional & Federal Studies 11, no. 3: 101–122. doi:10.1080/714004699.
  • Sanchez, W.A. 2009. The “Frozen” Southeast: How the Moldova-Transnistria question has become a European geo-security issue. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 22, no. 2: 153–176. doi:10.1080/13518040902917917.
  • Schroeder, Paul. 1995. Historical reality vs. neo-realist theory. International Security 19, no. 1: 108–148.
  • Schweller, Randall. 1995. Bandwagoning for profit: Bringing the revisionist state back in. International Security 19, no. 1: 72–107.
  • Schweller, Randall. 2006. Unanswered threats: Political constrains on the balance of power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Secrieru, Stanislav. 2011. The Transnistrian conflict – new opportunities and old obstacles for trust building (2009–2010). Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 11, no. 3: 241–263. doi:10.1080/14683857.2011.589150.
  • Selari, Galina. 2015. Economies of Moldova and Transnistria: Unity of opposites. Sibiu: Center for Strategic Studies and Reforms (CISR). http://www.cisr-md.org/pdf/G.Selari_27.03.15%20En.pdf.
  • Shtanski, Nina. 2014. Ukrainskiy Krizis i mezhdunarodnoe priznanie Pridnestrovjia. [Ukranian Crisis and Transnistria’s International Recognition]. Diplomaticheskiy Vestik Pridnestrovjia. 1(11): 15–20.
  • Shelest, H. 2013. Ukraine pursues ‘Small-Steps’ tactics in 5+2 talks on Transnistrian conflict settlement. http://jamestownfoundation.blogspot.ru/2013/11/ukraine-pursues-small-steps-tactics-in.html.
  • Sheremet, Pavel. 2015. Zhizn’ v kleschakh [Life in the brackets]. Ogoneok, June 22. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2747241.
  • Shtanski, Nina. 2012. My vsegda byli vmeste s Rossijej [We were always with Russia]. Diplomaticheskiy Vestik Pridnestrovjia. 2(8): 10–17.
  • Shtanski, Nina. 2014. Ukrainskiy Krizis i mezhdunarodnoe priznanie Pridnestrovjia [Ukranian crisis and Transnistria’s international recognition]. Diplomaticheskiy Vestik Pridnestrovjia 1, no. 11: 15-20.
  • Smirnov, Igor’. 2001. Zhit’ na nashey zemle [To live on our soil]. Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel’.
  • Soloviev, Vladimir. 2014. Pridniestrovje nastig krizis nepriznaniya [Transnistria is captured by the crisis of Non-recognition]. Kommersant. No. 157. September 3. http://www.kommersant.ru/Doc/2558612.
  • State Statistics Service of the Transnistrian Moldavan Republic. 2015. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe razvitie Pridnestrovskoj Moldavskoj Respubliki. Yanvar’-mart 2015 [Social and economic development of the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. January–March 2015]. Tiraspol. http://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/o-soczialno-ekonomicheskom-polozhenii-pmr/soczialno-ekonomicheskoe-razvitie-pmr-za-yanvar-mart-2-015-goda-.html
  • Sweeney, Kevin, and Paul Fritz. 2004. Jumping on the bandwagon: An interest-based explanation for great power alliances. Journal of Politics 66, no. 02: doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00158.x.
  • Tkach, Vlada. 1999. Moldova and Transdniestria: Painful past, deadlocked present, uncertain future. European Security 8, no. 2: 130–159. doi:10.1080/09662839908407409.
  • Vahl, Marius. 2005. The Europeanisation of Transnistrian conflict. CEPS Policy Brief. No 73. http://aei.pitt.edu/6613/1/1227_73.pdf.
  • Verdun, Amy, and Gabriela E. Chira. 2008. From neighbourhood to membership: Moldova’s persuasion strategy towards the EU. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 8, no. 4: 431–444. doi:10.1080/14683850802556418.
  • Walt, Stephen. 1985. Alliance formation and the balance of world power. International Security 9, no. 4: 3–43.10.2307/2538540
  • Walt, Stephen. 1987. The origins of alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Walt, Stephen. 1988. Testing theories of alliance formation: The case of Southwest Asia. International Organization 42, no. 2: 275–316.10.1017/S0020818300032823
  • Waltz, Kenneth. 1979. Theory of international politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
  • Weiner, Robert. 2004. The foreign policy of the Voronin administration. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of post-soviet democratization 12, no. 4: 541–556.10.3200/DEMO.12.4.541-556
  • Wolff, Stefan. 2011. A resolvable frozen conflict? Designing a settlement for Transnistria. Nationalities Papers 39, no. 6: 863–870. doi:10.1080/00905992.2011.617363.
  • Wolff, Stefan. 2012. The Transnistrian issue: Moving beyond the status-quo. Brussels: European Parliament. doi:10.2861/29774.
  • Yakovenko, A. 2005. Mify i realnost Stambulskikh dogovorennostey [Myths and reality of Istanbul agreements]. Rossijskaya gazeta.  № 3738. April 6. http://www.rg.ru/2005/04/06/dovse-stambul.html
  • Yemelianova, Galina M. 2015. Western academic discourse on the post-Soviet de facto state phenomenon. Caucasus Survey 3, no. 3: 219–238. doi:10.1080/23761199.2015.1086572.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.