Governance crises and resilience of authoritarian populism: 2023 Turkish elections from the perspective of Hirschman’s ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’

References

• Acemoğlu, D., and E. Murat Üçer. 2021. “High-quality versus low-quality growth in Turkey: Causes and consequences.” In Turkish economy at the crossroads: Facing the challenges ahead, ed. A.S. Akat and S. Gürsel, 37–89. New Jersey: World Scientific.
   Google Scholar
• Adelman, J. 2013. Worldly philosopher: The odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Akarca, A.T. 2019. Economic voting in Turkey: Single- vs. multi-party governments. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19, no. 4: 523–39. doi:10.1080/14683857.2019.1702621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akarca, A.T., and A. Tansel. 2006. Economic performance and political outcomes: An analysis of the Turkish parliamentary and local election results between 1950 and 2004. Public Choice 129, no. 1–2: 77–105. doi:10.1007/s11127-005-9013-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich, J.H., C. Gelpi, P. Feaver, J. Reifler, and K.T. Sharp. 2006. Foreign policy and the electoral connection. Annual Review of Political Science 9: 477–502. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.111605.105008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslanalp, M., and T.D. Erkmen. 2020. Mobile emergency rule in Turkey: Legal repression of protests during authoritarian transformation. Democratization 27, no. 6: 947–69. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1753701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydın-Düzgit, S. 2023. Authoritarian middle powers and the liberal order: Turkey’s contestation of the EU. International Affairs 99, no. 6: 2319–37. doi:10.1093/ia/iiad225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydın-Düzgit, S., and E. Balta. 2019. When elites polarize over polarization: Framing the polarization debate in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey 59: 109–33. doi:10.1017/npt.2018.15.
   Google Scholar
• Aydın-Düzgit, S., M. Kutlay, and E.F. Keyman. 2023. How Erdoğan rules through crisis. Journal of Democracy 34, no. 4: 80–93. doi:10.1353/jod.2023.a907689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aytaç, E. 2021. Effectiveness of incumbent’s strategic communication during economic crisis under electoral authoritarianism: Evidence from Turkey. American Political Science Review 115, no. 4: 1517–23. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berstein, P.L. 1998. Against the gods: The remarkable story of risk. London: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ciftci, S. 2023. Military might: A domestic economy explanation of Turkish foreign policy. Turkish Studies 24, no. 5: 764–87. doi:10.1080/14683849.2023.2196020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, W.R., M. Golder, and S.N. Golder. 2017. An exit, voice, and loyalty model of politics. British Journal of Political Science 47, no. 4: 719–48. doi:10.1017/S0007123416000442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coban, K.M. 2023. The political economic sources of policy non-design, policy accumulation, and decay in policy capacity. Administration & Society 55, no. 6: 1035–65. doi:10.1177/00953997231162522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csaba, L. 2022. Unorthodoxy in Hungary: An illiberal success story? Post-Communist Economies 34, no. 1: 1–14. doi:10.1080/14631377.2019.1641949.
   Google Scholar
• Dowding, K., P. John, T. Mergoupis, and M. Van Vugt. 2000. Exit, voice, loyalty: Analytic and empirical developments. European Journal of Political Research 37, no. 4: 469–95. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdoğan, E., and P.U. Semerci. 2018. Fanusta Diyaloglar: Türkiye’de Kutuplaşmanın Boyutları [Dialogues in a bell jar: Dimensions of polarization in Turkey]. İstanbul: Bilgi University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erdoğan, R.T. 2023. Milletimiz, asrın felaketi karşısında asrın dayanışmasını gösterdi [Our nation showed solidarity of the century against the disaster of the century]. March 15. https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/144223/-milletimiz-asrin-felaketi-karsisinda-asrin-dayanismasini-gosterdi-.
   Google Scholar
• Ertas, N. 2023. Autocratization, disaster management, and the politics of public administration in Turkey. Public Integrity 1–11. doi:10.1080/10999922.2023.2273454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esen, B., and S. Gumuscu. 2023. How Erdoğan’s populism won again. Journal of Democracy 34, no. 3: 21–32. doi:10.1353/jod.2023.a900430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euronews. 2024. Son 16 yılda eğitim durumuna göre maaşlar nasıl değişti? [How have salaries changed according to education level in the last 16 years?]. January 1. https://tr.euronews.com/2024/01/01/asgari-ucret-20-yilda-ortalama-maasa-donustu-egitimli-egitimsiz-farki-azaldi.
   Google Scholar
• Gazete Duvar. 2022. Erdoğan: Enflasyon sadece bizim değil tüm dünyanın sorunu [Erdoğan: Inflation is not just our problem but the whole world’s problem]. July 15. https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/erdogan-enflasyon-sadece-bizim-degil-tum-dunyanin-sorunu-haber-1573399.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A.O. 1970. Exit, voice, loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A.O. 1978. Exit, voice, and the state. World Politics 31, no. 1: 90–107. doi:10.2307/2009968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A.O. 1981. Essays in trespassing: Economics to politics and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A.O. 1982. Rival interpretations of market society: Civilizing, destructive, or feeble? Journal of Economic Literature 20, no. 4: 1463–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A.O. 1993. Exit, voice, and the fate of the German democratic republic: An essay in conceptual history. World Politics 45, no. 2: 173–202. doi:10.2307/2950657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, W., and J.T. Power. 2023. Lula’s second act. Journal of Democracy 34, no. 1: 126–40. doi:10.1353/jod.2023.0008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurriyet Daily News. 2023. Nearly 80,000 visit Türkiye’s largest warship. April 25.
   Google Scholar
• Kalaycıoğlu, E. 2011. Kulturkampf in Turkey: The constitutional referendum of 12 September 2010. South European Society and Politics 17, no. 1: 1–22. doi:10.1080/13608746.2011.600555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirişci, K. 2023. An exodus of professionals: The end of politics in Turkey? Just Security, September 25. https://www.justsecurity.org/88694/an-exodus-of-professionals-the-end-of-politics-in-turkey/.
   Google Scholar
• Kızılkaya, S., and O. Bakiler. 2023. Seçime üç gün kala son anketler ne diyor? [What do the latest polls say, three days before the election?]. Voa News, May 11. https://www.voaturkce.com/a/secime-uc-gun-kala-son-anketler-ne-diyor/7089380.html.
   Google Scholar
• Köstem, S. 2022. Managed regional rivalry between Russia and Turkey after the annexation of crimea. Europe-Asia Studies 74, no. 9: 1657–75. doi:10.1080/09668136.2022.2134308.
   Google Scholar
• Kutlay, M., and Z. Öniş. 2021a. Turkish foreign policy in a post-western order: Strategic autonomy or new forms of dependence? International Affairs 97, no. 4: 1085–104. doi:10.1093/ia/iiab094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutlay, M., and Z. Öniş. 2021b. Understanding oscillations in Turkish foreign policy: Pathways to unusual middle power activism. Third World Quarterly 42, no. 12: 3051–69. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1985449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky, S., and D. Ziblatt. 2019. How democracies die. New York: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Levitsky, S.R., and L.A. Way. 2012. Beyond patronage: Violent struggle, ruling party cohesion, and authoritarian durability. Perspectives on Politics 10, no. 4: 869–89. doi:10.1017/S1537592712002861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z. 2012. The triumph of conservative globalism: The political economy of the AKP era. Turkish Studies 13, no. 2: 135–52. doi:10.1080/14683849.2012.685252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z. 2015. Monopolizing the centre: The AKP and the uncertain path of Turkish democracy. The International Spectator 50, no. 2: 22–41. doi:10.1080/03932729.2015.1015335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z. 2023. Turkey’s new presidential regime: Fragility, resilience, reversibility. Reflektif: Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 1: 159–79.
   Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z., and M. Kutlay. 2021. The anatomy of Turkey’s new heterodox crisis: The interplay of domestic politics and global dynamics. Turkish Studies 22, no. 4: 499–529. doi:10.1080/14683849.2020.1833723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özbudun, E. 2015. Turkey’s judiciary and the drift toward competitive authoritarianism. The International Spectator 50, no. 2: 42–55. doi:10.1080/03932729.2015.1020651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özçelik, E. 2014. Albert O. Hirschman: A ‘Beamish’ social scientist for our grandchildren. Development and Change 45, no. 5: 1111–33. doi:10.1111/dech.12116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheppele, L.K. 2022. How Viktor orbán wins. Journal of Democracy 33, no. 3: 45–61. doi:10.1353/jod.2022.0039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somer, M. 2019. Turkey: The slippery slope from reformist to revolutionary polarization and democratic breakdown. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681, no. 1: 42–61. doi:10.1177/0002716218818056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyaltin-Colella, D., and T. Demiryol. 2023. Unusual middle power activism and regime survival: Turkey’s drone warfare and its regime-boosting effects. Third World Quarterly 44, no. 4: 724–43. doi:10.1080/01436597.2022.2158080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söylemez-Karakoç, B., and M. Angın. 2023. Mitigating the political cost of financial crisis with blame avoidance discourse: The case of Turkey. Uluslararasi Iliskiler 1–20. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1284170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekerek, T. 2023. Taşra Üniversiteleri: AK Parti’nin Arka Kampüsü [Rural universities: AK party’s back campus]. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
   Google Scholar
• Toksöz, M., M. Kutlay, and W. Hale. 2023. Industrial policy in Turkey: Rise, retreat, return. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tol, G. 2023. How corruption and misrule made Turkey’s earthquake deadlier. Foreign Policy, February 10. https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/10/turkey-earthquake-erdogan-government-response-corruption-construction/.
   Google Scholar
• Tuncer, G. 2022. Metropoll Araştırma’nın kurucusu Sencar: İmamoğlu hem iktidarın hem muhalefetin rakibi [Sencar, founder of Metropoll Research: İmamoğlu is an opponent of both the government and the opposition]. Indyturk, December 20. https://www.indyturk.com/node/589596/siyaset/metropoll-araştırmanın-kurucusu-sencar-imamoğlu-hem-iktidarın-hem-muhalefetin.
   Google Scholar
• Ülgen, S. 2023. The politics of Türkiye’s earthquake. Carnegie Europe, February 14.https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/89026.
   Google Scholar
• Ünker, P., and T. Sparrow. 2023. Fact check: Turkey’s Erdogan shows false Kilicdaroglu video. DW, May 24. https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-turkeys-erdogan-shows-false-kilicdaroglu-video/a-65554034.
   Google Scholar
• Yagci, A., and C. Oyvat. 2020. Partisanship, media and the objective economy: Sources of individual-level economic assessments. Electoral Studies 66: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım, K., L. Baruh, and A. Çarkoğlu. 2021. Dynamics of campaign reporting and press-party parallelism: Rise of competitive authoritarianism and the media system in Turkey. Political Communication 38, no. 3: 326–49. doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1765913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar