Prediction of turbulent separation over a backward-facing smooth ramp

REFERENCES

• Stratford , B. S. 1959 . The prediction of separation of turbulent boundary layer . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 5 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratford , B. S. 1959 . An experimental flow with zero skin friction throughout its region of pressure rise . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 5 : 17 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , R. L. , Strickland , J. H. and Barr , P. W. 1977 . Failures of a separating turbulent boundary layer in the vicinity of separation . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 79 : 553 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , A. E. and Schofield , W. H. 1973 . Mean velocity and shear stress distributions in turbulent boundary layers . Physics of Fluids , 16 : 2068 – 2074 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaglom , A. M. 1979 . Similarity laws for constant pressure and pressure gradient turbulent wall flows . Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics , 11 : 505 [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durbin , P. A. and Belcher , S. E. 1992 . Scaling of adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 238 : 699 – 722 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alving , A. E. and Fernholz , H. H. 1995 . Mean velocity scaling in and around a mild, turbulent separation bubble . Physics of Fluids , 7 : 1956 – 1969 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dengel , P. and Fernholz , H. H. 1990 . An experimental investigation of an incompressible turbulent boundary layer in the vicinity of separation . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 212 : 615 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , R. L. , Chew , Y. T. and Shivaprasad , B. G. 1981 . The structure of a separating turbulent boundary layer, Parts 1 and 2 . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 113 : 23 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , P. and Wong , F. Y.F. 1972 . The reattachment and relaxation of a turbulent shear layer . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 52 : 113 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , E. W. and Johnston , J. P. 1988 . Flow structure in the near wall zone of a turbulent separated flow . AIAA Journal , 26 : 932 – 939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na , Y. and Moin , P. 1998 . Direct numerical simulation of a separated turbulent boundary layer . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 374 : 379 – 405 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. , Kline , S. J. and Johnston , J. P. 1980 . Investigation of a reattaching turbulent shear layer: flow over a backward-facing step . Journal of Fluid Engineering , 102 : 302 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver , D. M. 1991 . Reynolds shear stress measurements in a separated boundary layer flow . AIAA Paper , : 91 – 1787 .
   Google Scholar
• Alving , A. E. and Fernholz , H. H. 1996 . Turbulence measurements around a mild separation bubble and downstream of reattachment . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 322 : 297 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , I. P. and Epik , E. 1998 . Boundary layer development after a separated region . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 374 : 91 – 116 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits , A. J. and Wood , D. H. 1985 . The response of turbulent boundary layers to sudden perturbations . Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics , 17 : 321 – 358 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germano , M. , Piomelli , U. , Moin , P. and Cabot , W. H. 1991 . A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model . Physics of Fluids A , 3 : 1760 – 1765 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spalart , P. R. and Allmaras , S. R. 1994 . A one equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows . La Recherche Aerospatiale , 1 : 5 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Durbin , P. A. 1991 . Near wall turbulence closure modeling without dumping functions . Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics , 3 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Lien , S. F. and Durbin , P. A. Non-linear k−e−v 2modeling with application to high-lift . Paper presented at the 1996 Summer Program . pp. pp. 5 – 22 . Center for Turbulence Research .
   Google Scholar
• Song , S. and Eaton , J. K. 2002 . Reynolds number effects on a turbulent boundary layer with separation, reattachment, and recovery . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , submitted
   Google Scholar
• Menter , F. R. 1996 . A comparison of some recent eddy-viscosity turbulence models . Journal of Fluid Engineering , 118 : 514 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver , D. M. and Seegmiller , H. L. 1985 . Features of a reattaching turbulent shear layer in divergent channel flows . AIAA Journal , 23 : 163 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iaccarino , G. and Durbin , P. A. Application of the k−ε−v 2model to multi-component airfoils . Paper presented at the 1996 Summer Program . pp. pp. 23 – 34 . Center for Turbulence Research .
   Google Scholar
• Durbin , P. A. 1995 . Separated flow computations with k−ε−v 2model . AIAA Journal , 33 : 659 – 664 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelassi , P. A. , Durbin , P. A. and Mansour , N. N. Prediction of the backflow and recovery regions in the backward facing step at various Reynolds numbers . Paper presented at the 1996 Summer Program . pp. pp. 73 – 86 . Center for Turbulence Research .
   Google Scholar
• Chorin , A. J. 1967 . A numerical method for solving incompressible viscous flow problems . Journal of Computational Physics , 2 : 745 – 762 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Temam , R. 1979 . Navier–Stokes Equations. Theory and Numerical Analysis , 2nd edn. , Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , J. and Moin , P. 1985 . Application of a fractional-step method to incompressible Navier–Stokes equations . Journal of Computational Physics , 59 : 308 – 323 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perot , J. B. 1993 . An analysis of the fractional step method . Journal of Computational Physics , 108 : 51 – 58 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , T. M. and Eaton , J. K. 2002 . Analysis of a fractional-step method on overset grids . Journal of Computational Physics , 177 : 336 – 364 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund , T. S. , Wu , X. and Squires , K. D. 1998 . Generation of turbulent inflow data for spatially developing boundary layer simulations . Journal of Computational Physics , 140 : 233 – 258 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D. L. , Cortez , R. and Minion , M. I. 2001 . Accurate projection methods for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations . Journal of Computational Physics , 168 : 464 [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , X. and Durbin , P. 2000 . Boundary layer transition induced by periodic waves . Journal of Turbomachinery , 122 : 442 – 449 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasilyev , O. V. , Lund , T. S. and Moin , P. 1998 . A general class of commutative filters for LES in complex geometries . Journal of Computational Physics , 146 : 82 – 104 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosal , S. and Moin , P. 1995 . The basic equations for the large eddy simulation of turbulent flows in complex geometry . Journal of Computational Physics , 118 : 24 – 37 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilly , D. K. 1992 . A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid scale closure method . Physics of Fluids A , 4 : 633 – 635 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Alamo , J. C. , Jimenez , J. , Zandonade , P. and Moser , R. D. 2004 . Scaling the energy spectra of turbulent channels . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 500 : 135 – 144 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlichting , H. 1979 . Boundary Layer Theory , (New York : McGraw-Hill) .
   Google Scholar
• Wasistho , B. and Squires , K. D. 2001 . “ Numerical investigation of the separated flow over a smoothly contoured ramp ” . In Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena-2
   Google Scholar
• Wu , X. and Squires , K. D. 1998 . Prediction of the high Reynolds number flow over a two dimensional bump . AIAA Journal , 36 : 798 – 808 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar