The synergistic action between anhydride grafted carbon fiber and intumescent flame retardant enhances flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites

References

• Yao SS, Jin FL, Rhee KY, et al. Recent advances in carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites: A review. Compos Part B-Eng. 2018;142:241–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsli NG, Aytac A. Effects of maleated polypropylene on the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of short carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Mater Des. 2011;32:4069–4073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arao Y, Yumitori S, Suzuki H, et al. Mechanical properties of injection-molded carbon fiber/polypropylene composites hybridized with nanofillers. Compos Part A-Appl S. 2013;55:19–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao SL, Mader E, Zhandarov SF. Carbon fibers and composites with epoxy resins: topography, fractography and interphases. Carbon N Y. 2004;42:515–529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Horrocks AR. A review of flame retardant polypropylene fibres. Prog Poly Sci. 2003;28:1517–1538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourbigot S, Duquesne S. Fire retardant polymers: recent developments and opportunities. J Mater Chem. 2007;17:2283–2300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Zhao J, Deng CL, et al. Flame-retardant effect of sepiolite on an intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene system. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2011;50:2047–2054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Deng CL, Zhao J, et al. An efficiently halogen-free flame-retardant long-glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene system. Poly Degrad Stab. 2011;96:363–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu C, He M, Liu Y, et al. Synthesis and application of a mono-component intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene. Poly Degrad Stab. 2018;151:144–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alongi J, Han Z, Bourbigot S. Intumescence: tradition versus novelty. Comprehensive Review Prog Poly Sci. 2015;51:28–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt R, Mengeloglu F, Meric H. The effects of boron compounds synergists with ammonium polyphosphate on mechanical properties and burning rates of wood-HDPE polymer composites. Eur J Wood Wood Pro. 2012;70:177–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camino G, Costa L, Martinasso G. Intumescent fire-retardant systems. Poly Degrad Stab. 1989;23:359–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourbigot S, Bras ML, Duquesne S, et al. Recent advances for intumescent polymers. Macromol Mater Eng. 2004;289:499–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang K, Xu MJ, Li B. Synthesis of N-ethyl triazine–piperazine copolymer and flame retardancy and water resistance of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. Poly Degrad Stab. 2013;98:1397–1406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen C, Kim J. Thermal stabilities and flame retardancies of nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardants based on bisphosphoramidates. Poly Degrad Stab. 2008;93:1037–1043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu ZZ, Huang JQ, Chen MJ, et al. Flame retardant mechanism of an efficient flame-retardant polymeric synergist with ammonium polyphosphate for polypropylene. Poly Degrad Stab. 2013;98:2011–2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Kalali EN, Wan JT, et al. Carbon-family materials for flame retardant polymeric materials. Prog Poly Sci. 2017;69:22–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savas LA, Mutlu A, Dike AS, et al. Effect of carbon fiber amount and length on flame retardant and mechanical properties of intumescent polypropylene composites. J Compos Mater. 2018;52:519–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao XL, Chen CK, Chen XL. Effects of carbon fibers on the flammability and smoke emission characteristics of halogen-free thermoplastic polyurethane/ammonium polyphosphate. J Mater Sci. 2016;51:3762–3771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang GX, Sun SH, Yang DQ, et al. The surface analytical characterization of carbon fibers functionalized by H2SO4/HNO3 treatment. Carbon N Y. 2008;46:196–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao H, Huang Y, Zhang Z, et al. Uniform modification of carbon fibers surface in 3-D fabrics using intermittent electrochemical treatment. Compos Sci Tech. 2005;65:1655–1662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao F, Huang Y, Liu L, et al. Formation of a carbon fiber/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/carbon nanotube hybrid reinforcement and its effect on the interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Carbon N Y. 2011;49:2624–2632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moaseri E, Maghrebi M, Baniadam M. Improvements in mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites: A microwave-assisted approach in functionalization of carbon fiber via diamines. Mater Des. 2014;55:644–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song P, Shen Y, Du B, et al. Fabrication of fullerene-decorated carbon nanotubes and their application in flame-retarding polypropylene. Nanoscale. 2009;1:118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song P, Xu L, Guo Z, et al. Flame-retardant-wrapped carbon nanotubes for simultaneously improving the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene. J Mater Chem. 2008;18:5083–5091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YL, Ma CCM, Yuen SM, et al. Effect of maleic anhydride modified MWCNTs on the morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of its PMMA composites. Mater Chem Phys. 2011;129:1214–1220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boztuğ A, Coşkun A, Bolayır G, et al. Preparation of compatible blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) used in dentistry with a reactive terpolymer containing maleic anhydride and their thermomechanical characterization. J Appl Poly Sci. 2006;100:363–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G, Ma L, Liu L, et al. Interface enhancement of carbon fiber reinforced methylphenylsilicone resin composites modified with silanized carbon nanotubes. Mater Des. 2016;89:1343–1349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuinstra F, Koenig JL. Raman spectrum of graphite. J Chem Phys. 1970;53:1126–1130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng C, Liang M, Jiang J, et al. Synergism effect of CeO2 on the flame retardant performance of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites and its mechanism. J Anal Appl Pyrol. 2016;122:405–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei YX, Deng C, Zhao ZY, et al. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid SiO2 @DPP for the fire retardance of polycarbonate. Poly Degrad Stab. 2018;154:177–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song P, Shen Y, Du B, et al. Effects of reactive compatibilization on the morphological, thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene. Acs Appl Mater Interf. 2009;1:452–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang G, Wang S, Song P, et al. Combination effect of carbon nanotubes with graphene on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene nanocomposites. Compos Part A-Appl S. 2014;59:18–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schartel B, Hull TR. Development of fire‐retarded materials—interpretation of cone calorimeter data. Fire Mater. 2007;31:327–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao ZB, Deng C, Tan Y, et al. Flame retardation of polypropylene via a novel intumescent flame retardant: ethylenediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate [J]. Poly Degrad Stab. 2014;106:88–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao ZB, Deng C, Tan Y, et al. An efficient mono-component polymeric intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene: preparation and application. Acs Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014;6:7363–7370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao S, Zhao X, Liu GS. Synthesis of an integrated intumescent flame retardant and its flame retardancy properties for polypropylene. Poly Degrad Stab. 2016;138:106–114.
   Google Scholar