Will the regime ever break? Assessing socio-political and economic pressures to climate action and European oil majors’ response (2005-2019)

References

• Brauers, H., & Oei, P.-Y. (2020). The political economy of coal in Poland: Drivers and barriers for a shift away from fossil fuels. Energy Policy, 144, 111621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouman, E. A., Lindstad, E., Rialland, A. I., & Strømman, A. H. (2017). State-of-the-art technologies, measures, and potential for reducing GHG emissions from shipping – A review. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 52, 408–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bürgin, A. (2015). National binding renewable energy targets for 2020, but not for 2030 anymore: Why the European Commission developed from a supporter to a brakeman. Journal of European Public Policy, 22(5), 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.984747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadillo-Benalcazar, J. J., Bukkens, S. G. F., Ripa, M., & Giampietro, M. (2021). Why does the European Union produce biofuels? Examining consistency and plausibility in prevailing narratives with quantitative storytelling. Energy Research & Social Science 71, 101810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz, S., Gardiner, D., Jahn, V., & Noels, J. (2020). Carbon performance of European integrated Oil and Gas companies: Briefing paper. Transition Pathway Initiative, 1–26. https://www.transitionpathwayinitiative.org/publications/58.pdf?type=Publication
   Google Scholar
• EEA. (2021). EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) data viewer, viewed 5 May 2021 < https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/emissions-trading-viewer-1>.
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, C., Fomicov, M., Gerdes, L., & Waldron, M. (2020). Energy investing exploring risk and return in the capital markets. IEA.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2021). NER 300 programme, viewed 26 april 2021 <https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/innovation-fund/ner300_en#tab-0-0>
   Google Scholar
• Ferns, G., Amaeshi, K., & Lambert, A. (2019). Drilling their Own graves: How the European Oil and Gas supermajors avoid sustainability tensions through mythmaking. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(1), 201–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3733-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaulin, N., & Le Billon, P. (2020). Climate change and fossil fuel production cuts: Assessing global supply-side constraints and policy implications. Climate Policy 20, 888–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1725409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geels, F. W. (2014). Reconceptualising the co-evolution of firms-in-industries and their environments: Developing an inter-disciplinary Triple Embeddedness framework. Research Policy, 43(2), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geels, F. W., & Penna, C. C. R. (2015). Societal problems and industry reorientation: Elaborating the dialectic issue LifeCycle (DILC) model and a case study of car safety in the USA (1900–1995). Research Policy, 44(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geels, F. W., & Schot, J. (2007). Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways. Research Policy, 36(3), 399–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gençsü, I., Whitley, S., Trilling, M., & Worrall, L. (2020). Phasing out public financial flows to fossil fuel production in Europe. Climate Policy, 20(8), 1010–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1736978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, J., Inkpen, A. C., & Ramaswamy, K. (2021). Different shades of Green: Global oil and gas companies and renewable energy. Journal of International Business Studies, 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00326-w
   Google Scholar
• Helm, D. (2014). The European framework for energy and climate policies. Energy Policy, 64, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivimaa, P., Laakso, S., Lonkila, A., & Kaljonen, M. (2021). Moving beyond disruptive innovation: A review of disruption in sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 38, 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kungl, G., & Geels, F. W. (2018). Sequence and alignment of external pressures in industry destabilisation: Understanding the downfall of incumbent utilities in the German energy transition (1998–2015). Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 26, 78–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, D. L., & Kolk, A. (2002). Strategic responses to global climate change: Conflicting pressures on multinationals in the Oil industry. Business and Politics, 4(3), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1042
   Google Scholar
• Lu, H., Guo, L., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Oil and gas companies’ low-carbon emission transition to integrated energy companies. Science of The Total Environment, 686, 1202–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäkitie, T., Normann, H. E., Thune, T. M., & Sraml Gonzalez, J. (2019). The Green flings: Norwegian oil and gas industry’s engagement in offshore wind power. Energy Policy, 127, 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minx, J. C., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Fuss, S., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., Amann, T., Beringer, T., de Oliveira Garcia, W., Hartmann, J., & Khanna, T. (2018). Negative emissions—part 1: Research landscape and synthesis. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6), 063001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mühlemeier, S. (2019). Dinosaurs in transition? A conceptual exploration of local incumbents in the Swiss and German energy transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 31, 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2018.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, M., & Rüdig, W. (2020). The Greens in the 2019 European elections. Environmental Politics, 29, 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1709252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The external control of organizations - A resource dependence perspective. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plantinga, A., & Scholtens, B. (2021). The financial impact of fossil fuel divestment. Climate Policy, 21(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1806020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puricelli, S., Cardellini, G., Casadei, S., Faedo, D., van den Oever, A. E. M., & Grosso, M. (2021). A review on biofuels for light-duty vehicles in Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110398
   Google Scholar
• Reiner, D. M. (2016). Learning through a portfolio of carbon capture and storage demonstration projects. Nature Energy, 1, 15011. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2015.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogelj, J., Shindell, D., Jiang, K., Fifita, S., Forster, P., Ginzburg, V., Handa, C., Kheshgi, H., Kobayashi, S., Kriegler, E., & Mundaca, L. (2018). Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5°C in the context of Sustainable development. In V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Pé an, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, & T. Waterfield (eds.), Global warming of 1.5 C (pp. 93–174). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
   Google Scholar
• Seto, K. C., Davis, S. J., Mitchell, R. B., Stokes, E. C., Unruh, G., & Ürge-Vorsatz, D. (2016). Carbon lock-In: Types, causes, and policy implications. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41(1), 425–452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples, M. D., Malina, R., Suresh, P., Hileman, J. I., & Barrett, S. R. H. (2018). Aviation CO2 emissions reductions from the use of alternative jet fuels. Energy Policy, 114, 342–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen, M., & Weaver, T. (2017). Incumbents’ diversification and cross-sectorial energy industry dynamics. Research Policy, 46(6), 1071–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnheim, B., & Sovacool, B. K. (2020). Forever stuck in old ways? Pluralising incumbencies in sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 35, 180–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unruh, G. C. (2000). Understanding carbon lock-in. Energy Policy, 28(12), 817–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00070-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hove, S., Le Menestrel, M., & de Bettignies, H.-C. (2002). The oil industry and climate change: Strategies and ethical dilemmas. Climate Policy, 2(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2002.0202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Mossel, A., van Rijnsoever, F. J., & Hekkert, M. P. (2018). Navigators through the storm: A review of organization theories and the behavior of incumbent firms during transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 26, 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbruggen, A., Laes, E., & Woerdman, E. (2019). Anatomy of emissions trading systems: What is the EU ETS? Environmental Science & Policy, 98, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• York, R., & Bell, S. E. (2019). Energy transitions or additions? Energy Research & Social Science, 51, 40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar