Missing density: assessing support for compact cities among Canadian municipal officials and members of the public

References

• Anduiza, E., & Galais, C. (2017). Answering without reading: IMCs and strong satisficing in online surveys. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 29, 497–519. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edw007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asquith, B. J., Mast, E., & Reed, D. (2021). Local effects of large new apartment buildings in low-income areas RvE&S 1-46.
   Google Scholar
• Attari, S. Z., DeKay, M. L., Davidson, C. I., & Bruine de Bruin, W. (2010). Public perceptions of energy consumption and savings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(37), 16054–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1001509107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, J. R., Pingault, J.-B., Schoeler, T., Sallis, H. M., & Munafò, M. R. (2022). Protecting against researcher bias in secondary data analysis: Challenges and potential solutions. European Journal of Epidemiology, 37(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-021-00839-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertaud, A., & Brueckner, J. K. (2005). Analyzing building-height restrictions: Predicted impacts and welfare costs. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2004.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blidook, K., Koop, R., & Lucas, J. (2022). Municipal representation style and focus: Evidence from Canadian mayors and councillors. Representation, 58(4), 603–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2021.1993317
   Google Scholar
• Bratu, C., Harjunen, O., & Saarimaa, T. (2023). JUE Insight: City-wide effects of new housing supply: Evidence from moving chains. Journal of Urban Economics, 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2022.103528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronin, S. (2023). Zoning by a thousand cuts. Pepperdine Law Review, 50. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3792544
   Google Scholar
• Browne, E., & Minnery, J. (2015). Bushfires and land use planning in peri-urban south east Queensland. Australian Planner, 52(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2015.1040425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucchianeri, P., Carney, R., Enos, R., Lakeman, A., & Malina, G. (2021). What explains local policy cleavages? Examining the policy preferences of public officials at the municipal level. Social Science Quarterly, 102(6), 2752–2760. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caparros-Midwood, D., Barr, S., & Dawson, R. (2017). Spatial optimization of future urban development with regards to climate risk and sustainability objectives. Risk Analysis, 37(11), 2164–2181. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carruthers, J. I., & Ulfarsson, G. F. (2003). Urban sprawl and the cost of public services. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(4), 503–522. https://doi.org/10.1068/b12847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carruthers, J. I., & Ulfarsson, G. F. (2008). Doessmart growth'matter to public finance? Urban Studies, 45(9), 1791–1823. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008093379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavicchia, R. (2022). Urban densification and exclusionary pressure: Emerging patterns of gentrification in Oslo. Urban Geography, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2022.2100174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CBC. (2021). Vancouver rejects councillor's proposal to fast track future social housing towers. In: CBC: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-zoning-fasttrack-boyle-fry-social-housing-1.6042015
   Google Scholar
• CMHC. (2022). Housing supply report: Canadian metropolitan areas. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Colburn, G., & Aldern, C. P. (2022). Homelessness is a housing problem: How structural factors explain US patterns. Univ of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Debbage, N., & Shepherd, J. M. (2015). The urban heat island effect and city contiguity. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Coninck, H. A. R., Babiker, M., Bertoldi, P., Buckeridge, M., Cartwright, A., Dong, W., Ford, J., Fuss, S., Hourcade, J.-C., Ley, D., Mechler, R., Newman, P., Revokatova, A., Schultz, S., Steg, L., & Sugiyama, T. (2018). Strengthening and implementing the global response. In: Global warming of 1.5°C. an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. IPCC.
   Google Scholar
• Diedenhofen, B., & Musch, J. (2015). Cocor: A comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations. PLoS One, 10(4), e0121945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drews, S., & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2016). What explains public support for climate policies? A review of empirical and experimental studies. Climate Policy, 16(7), 855–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1058240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein, K. L., Glick, D., Godinez Puig, L., & Palmer, M. (2022). Still muted: The limited participatory democracy of zoom public meetings. Urban Affairs Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874211070494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein, K. L., Glick, D., & Palmer, M. (2018). Menino Survey of Mayors: 2017 Results.
   Google Scholar
• Einstein, K. L., & Glick, D. M. (2018). Mayors, partisanship, and redistribution: Evidence directly from US mayors. Urban Affairs Review, 54(1), 74–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087416674829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einstein, K. L., Glick, D. M., & Palmer, M. (2019). Neighborhood defenders: Participatory politics and America's housing crisis. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fercovic, J., & Gulati, S. (2016). Comparing household greenhouse gas emissions across Canadian cities. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 60, 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.06.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (2013). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Department of Statistics, Columbia University, 348, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti, B., Vernez-Moudon, A., Reis, R., Turrell, G., Dannenberg, A. L., Badland, H., Foster, S., Lowe, M., Sallis, J. F., & Stevenson, M. (2016). City planning and population health: A global challenge. The Lancet, 388(10062), 2912–2924. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E., & Gyourko, J. (2018). The economic implications of housing supply. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. L., & Ward, B. A. (2009). The causes and consequences of land use regulation: Evidence from greater Boston. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2008.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, C., Byrne, T. H., & Culhane, D. P. (2021). Inflection points in community-level homeless rates. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 15, 1037–1053. https://doi.org/10.1214/20-AOAS1414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, K. (2022). B.C. Housing Minister eager to spur supply. The Globe and Mail: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/real-estate/vancouver/article-bc-housing-minister-eager-to-spur-supply/
   Google Scholar
• Greenaway-McGrevy, R., Pacheco, G., & Sorensen, K. (2020). The effect of upzoning on house prices and redevelopment premiums in auckland, New Zealand. Urban Studies, 58(5), 959–976. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020940602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenaway-McGrevy, R., & Phillips, P. C. (2022). The impact of upzoning on housing construction in auckland. Centre for Applied Research in Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. (2021). Seeking shelter: How housing and urban exclusion shape exurban disaster. Sociologica, 15, 67–89. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/11869
   Google Scholar
• Gyourko, J., & Molloy, R. (2015). Handbook of regional and urban economics. Elsevier, pp 1289-1337.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, A. B., & Yoder, J. (2022). Does homeownership influence political behavior? Evidence from administrative data. The Journal of Politics, 84. https://doi.org/10.1086/714932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, A. T., Graham, R., & Tsenkova, S. (2020). The inside and outside game of growth management: Tracking sprawl of Canada’s largest metropolitan areas. Journal of Planning Education and Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X20937335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankinson, M. (2018). When do renters behave like homeowners? High rent, price anxiety, and NIMBYism. American Political Science Review, 112(3), 473–493. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hortas-Rico, M., & Solé-Ollé, A. (2010). Does urban sprawl increase the costs of providing local public services? Evidence from spanish municipalities. Urban Studies, 47(7), 1513–1540. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009353620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, W., & Wachs, M. (1999). Parking requirements and housing affordability: Case study of San Francisco. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1685(1), 156–160. https://doi.org/10.3141/1685-20
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C., & Kammen, D. M. (2014). Spatial distribution of US household carbon footprints reveals suburbanization undermines greenhouse gas benefits of urban population density. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(2), 895–902. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4034364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenworthy, J. R. (2003). Transport energy use and greenhouse gases in urban passenger transport systems: a study of 84 global cities, International Sustainability Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Kidd, S. A., Greco, S., & McKenzie, K. (2021). Global climate implications for homelessness: A scoping review. Journal of Urban Health, 98(3), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00483-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafleur, S., & Filipowicz, J. (2023). Ontario's growth targets won't solve the province's housing crisis. In Policy Options.
   Google Scholar
• Lansing, J. B., Clifton, C. W., & Morgan, J. N. (1969). New homes and poor people: A study of chains of moves. The University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, K. (2022). Does Pierre Poilievre have a point blaming city hall for Vancouver's soaring property prices? In: CBC: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/pierre-poilievre-housing-costs-property-vancouver-1.6415929
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., & Lee, B. (2014). The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S. Household sector. Energy Policy, 68, 534–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. (2022). Do new housing units in your backyard raise your rents?. Journal of Economic Geography, 22(6), 1309–1352. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbab034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L., McManus, D., & Yannopoulos, E. (2022). Geographic and temporal variation in housing filtering rates. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 93, 103758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, J. (2020). CMB 2020 Survey: Tracking Questions. Scholars Portal Dataverse.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, J. (2021). The ideological structure of municipal Non-ideology. Urban Affairs Review, 59(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874211038321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, J. (2022). Do “Non-partisan” municipal politicians match the partisanship of their constituents? Urban Affairs Review, 58(1), 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087420958074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, J., & Armstrong, D. A. (2021). Policy ideology and local ideological representation in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 54(4), 959–976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423921000652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lwasa K C S, S., Bai, X., Blanco, H., Gurney, K. R., Kilkiş, S., Lucon, O., Murakami, J., Pan, J., Sharifi, A., & Yamagata, Y. (2022). Urban systems and other settlements. In IPCC, 2022: Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change. In J. S. P. R. Shukla, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, & J. Malley (Eds.), Contribution of working group III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 861–952). IPCC.
   Google Scholar
• Manville, M., Beata, A., & Shoup, D. (2013). Turning housing into driving: Parking requirements and density in Los Angeles and New York. Housing Policy Debate, 23(2), 350–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2013.767851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manville, M., & Cummins, B. (2015). Why do voters support public transportation? Public choices and private behavior. Transportation, 42(2), 303–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-014-9545-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manville, M., Lens, M., & Monkkonen, P. (2022). Zoning and affordability: A reply to rodríguez-pose and storper. Urban Studies, 59(1), 36–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020910330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marando, F., Heris, M. P., Zulian, G., Udías, A., Mentaschi, L., Chrysoulakis, N., Parastatidis, D., & Maes, J. (2022). Urban heat island mitigation by green infrastructure in European functional urban areas. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 103564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marble, W., & Nall, C. (2021). Where self-interest trumps ideology: Liberal homeowners and local opposition to housing development. The Journal of Politics, 83(4), 1747–1763. https://doi.org/10.1086/711717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast, E. (2023). JUE Insight: The effect of new market-rate housing construction on the low-income housing market. Journal of Urban Economics, 133, 103383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, H. D., & Wynes, S. (2022). Current global efforts are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5C. Science, 376(6600), 1404–1409. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo3378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mense, A. (2020). The impact of new housing supply on the distribution of rents, Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Moffatt, M., & Atiq, M. (2022). Forecast for Failure: How a broken forecasting system is at the roof of GTAH's housing shortage and how it can be fixed, Smart Prosperity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, E., & Skaburskis, A. (2004). Canada's increasing housing affordability burdens. Housing Studies, 19(3), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267303042000204296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moura, M. C. P., Smith, S. J., & Belzer, D. B. (2015). 120 years of US residential housing stock and floor space. PLoS One, 10, e0134135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nall, C., Elmendorf, C. S., & Oklobdzija, S. (2022). Folk Economics and the Persistence of Political Opposition to New Housing SSRN.
   Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (1993). Can urban development be made environmentally sound? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 36(3), 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640569308711949
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2022). Housing prices (indicator): https://data.oecd.org/price/housing-prices.htm
   Google Scholar
• Office of Governor Gavin Newsom. (2021). Governor Newsom Signs Historic Legislation to Boost California’s Housing Supply and Fight the Housing Crisis.
   Google Scholar
• Orth, T. (2022). Is high density worse for the environment, traffic, and crime? Most Americans think so. YouGovAmerica.
   Google Scholar
• Pennington, K. (2021). Does building new housing cause displacement?: The supply and demand effects of construction in San Francisco SSRN.
   Google Scholar
• Pierer, C., & Creutzig, F. (2019). Star-shaped cities alleviate trade-off between climate change mitigation and adaptation. Environmental Research Letters, 14(8), 085011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleger, L. E. (2017). Voters’ acceptance of land Use policy measures: A Two-level analysis. Land Use Policy, 63, 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pond, D. (2009). Institutions, political economy and land-use policy: Greenbelt politics in Ontario. Environmental Politics, 18(2), 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010802682619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protzko, J., Krosnick, J., Nelson, L. D., Nosek, B. A., Axt, J., Berent, M., Buttrick, N., DeBell, M., Ebersole, C. R., & Lundmark, S. (2020). High replicability of newly-discovered social-behavioral findings is achievable.
   Google Scholar
• Purcell, M. (2006). Urban democracy and the local trap. Urban Studies, 43(11), 1921–1941. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600897826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radeloff, V. C., Helmers, D. P., Kramer, H. A., Mockrin, M. H., Alexandre, P. M., Bar-Massada, A., Butsic, V., Hawbaker, T. J., Martinuzzi, S., & Syphard, A. D. (2018). Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(13), 3314–3319. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718850115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer, T., & Schwarz, M. A. (2019). The meaningfulness of effect sizes in psychological research: Differences between sub-disciplines and the impact of potential biases. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoup, D. C. (1999). The trouble with minimum parking requirements. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 33(7-8), 549–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-8564(99)00007-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stecher, I., & Lucas, J. (2021). Do Canadians and their local politicians see eye to eye on climate Change. CMB-BMC.
   Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87(2), 245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strømland, E. (2019). Preregistration and reproducibility. Journal of Economic Psychology, 75, 102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2019.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiitu, M., Naess, P., & Ristimäki, M. (2021). The urban density in two nordic capitals–comparing the development of Oslo and Helsinki metropolitan regions. European Planning Studies, 29(6), 1092–1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.1817865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VandeWeghe, J. R., & Kennedy, C. (2007). A spatial analysis of residential greenhouse gas emissions in the Toronto census metropolitan area. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welegedara, N. P. Y., Agrawal, S. K., Gajjar, S., & Joshi, N. (2021). Variations in direct greenhouse gas emissions across neighbourhoods: A case of Edmonton in Canada. Environmental Challenges, 5, 100312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100312
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, S. M., Jones, C. M., & Kammen, D. M. (2018). Carbon footprint planning: Quantifying local and state mitigation opportunities for 700 California cities. Urban Planning, 3(2), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i2.1218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittemore, A. H., & Curran-Groome, W. (2022). A case of (decreasing) American exceptionalism: Single-family zoning in the United States, Australia, and Canada. Journal of the American Planning Association, 88(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2021.1985591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, M., & Parker, D. (2021). Red tape cut to boost housing supply. New Zealand Government.
   Google Scholar
• Wynes, S., & Matthews, D. (2023). Canadian views on housing and climate. Open Science Framework.
   Google Scholar
• Wynes, S., Zhao, J., & Donner, S. D. (2020). How well do people understand the climate impact of individual actions? Climatic Change, 162(3), 1521–1534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02811-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L., Wang, X., Liu, J., He, Y., Tang, J., Nguyen, M., & Cui, S. (2019). Identifying the trade-offs between climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban land use planning: An empirical study in a coastal city. Environment International, 133, 105162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoder, J. (2020). Does property ownership lead to participation in local politics? Evidence from property records and meeting minutes. American Political Science Review, 114(4), 1213–1229. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel, J., & Dalton, M. (2011). The impact of minimum lot size regulations on house prices in eastern Massachusetts. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 41(6), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar