Nature to the rescue: past drivers and future potential of the Australian land-based carbon offsets market

References

• Anh, N. T., Masuda, M., & Iwanaga, S. (2016). Status of forest development and opportunity cost of avoiding forest conversion in Ba Be National Park, Vietnam. Tropics. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Anup, K., Joshi, G. R., & Aryal, S. (2014). Opportunity cost, willingness to pay and cost benefit analysis of a community forest of Nepal. International Journal of Environment, 3(2), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10522
   Google Scholar
• Ausseil, A.-G. E., Daigneault, A. J., Frame, B., & Teixeira, E. I. (2019). Towards an integrated assessment of climate and socio-economic change impacts and implications in New Zealand. Environmental Modelling & Software, 119, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Government. (2021). Australia's long-term emissions reduction plan. A whole-of-economy plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Clean Energy Regulator. (n.d.). Understanding your soil carbon project emissions reduction fund simple method guide for soil carbon projects registered under the carbon credits (carbon farming initiative - estimation of soil organic carbon sequestration using measurement and models) methodology determination 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of Industry Science Energy and Resources. (2020a). National inventory report 2018: The Australian government submission to the United Nations framework convention on climate change.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, L. E., Yao, R. T., Harrison, D. R., Paragahawewa, U. H., & Pannell, D. J. (2014). Enhancing ecosystem services through afforestation: How policy can help. Land Use Policy, 39, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednar, J., Obersteiner, M., & Wagner, F. (2019). On the financial viability of negative emissions. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09782-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benton, T., Bailey, R., Froggatt, A., King, R., Lee, B., & Wellesley, L. (2018). Designing sustainable landuse in a 1.5 °C world: the complexities of projecting multiple ecosystem services from land. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 31, 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, A., & Eves, C. (2012). Assessment of the application of contingent valuation theory to bio-sequestered carbon. In Proceedings of the 6th International Real Estate Research Symposium.
   Google Scholar
• Blake, A. G. (2016). Carbon sequestration: Evaluating the impact on rural land and valuation approach Queensland. University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, C. J. A., Bowman, D. M. J. S., Bond, N. R., Murphy, B. P., Moore, A. D., Fordham, D. A., & Johnson, C. N. (2013). Brave new green world – Consequences of a carbon economy for the conservation of Australian biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 161, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C., Alexander, P., Arneth, A., Holman, I., & Rounsevell, M. (2019). Achievement of Paris climate goals unlikely due to time lags in the land system. Nature Climate Change, 9(3), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0400-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, B. A., Nolan, M., McKellar, L., Connor, J. D., Newth, D., Harwood, T., & Gao, L. (2016). Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050. Global Environmental Change, 38, 130–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Meteorology. (2021). Gridded rainfall variability metadata.
   Google Scholar
• Burrows, N., & Chapman, J. (2018). Traditional and contemporary fire patterns in the Great Victoria Desert, Western Australia (Final report, Great Victoria Desert biodiversity trust project GVD-P-17-002). D. o. B. Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division, Conservation and Attractions.
   Google Scholar
• Burrows, N. D., Burbidge, A. A., Fuller, P. J., & Behn, G. (2006). Evidence of altered fire regimes in the Western Desert region of Australia. Conservation Science Western Australia, 5(3).
   Google Scholar
• Busch, J., Engelmann, J., Cook-Patton, S. C., Griscom, B. W., Kroeger, T., Possingham, H., & Shyamsundar, P. (2019). Potential for low-cost carbon dioxide removal through tropical reforestation. Nature Climate Change, 9(6), 463–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Air Resources Board. (2021). ARB offset credit issuance table. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/compliance-offset-program.
   Google Scholar
• Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011 Cth.
   Google Scholar
• Carbon Market Institute. (2016). Optimising Australia's position in international carbon markets.
   Google Scholar
• Carbon Market Institute. (2017). Operationalizing Article 6 of the Paris Agreement – Perspectives of Australian business.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, J. L., & Daigneault, A. J. (2019). Achieving ambitious climate targets: Is it economical for New Zealand to invest in agricultural GHG mitigation? Environmental Research Letters, 14(12), 124064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H. S., & Griffith, G. (1998). Examining long-run relationships between Australian beef prices. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 42(4), 369–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappell, A., & Baldock, J. A. (2016). Wind erosion reduces soil organic carbon sequestration falsely indicating ineffective management practices. Aeolian Research, 22, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., Arrouays, D., Angers, D. A., Martin, M. P., & Walter, C. (2019). Soil carbon stocks under different land uses and the applicability of the soil carbon saturation concept. Soil and Tillage Research, 188, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, M.-Y., & Liu, W.-Y. (2021). Assessing the opportunity cost of carbon stock caused by land-use changes in Taiwan. Land, 10(11), 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10111240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clean Energy Regulator. (2021a). 12th auction April 2021 contract portfolio.
   Google Scholar
• Clean Energy Regulator. (2021b). Area-based emissions reduction fund (ERF) projects. data.gov.au.
   Google Scholar
• Clean Energy Regulator. (2021c). Carbon abatement contract register. Clean Energy Regulator. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from.
   Google Scholar
• Clean Energy Regulator. (2021d). Emissions reduction fund project register.
   Google Scholar
• Climateworks. (2010). Low carbon growth plan for Australia. https://www.climateworksaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/climateworks_lcgp_australia_full_report_mar2010-compressed.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen-Shacham, E., Andrade, A., Dalton, J., Dudley, N., Jones, M., Kumar, C., Maginnis, S., Maynard, S., Nelson, C. R., & Renaud, F. G. (2019). Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions. Environmental Science & Policy, 98, 20–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commonwealth of Australia Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment. (2016). Australia state of the environment 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, J. D., Bryan, B. A., & Nolan, M. (2016). Cap and trade policy for managing water competition from potential future carbon plantations. Environmental Science & Policy, 66, 11–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, J. D., Bryan, B. A., Nolan, M., Stock, F., Gao, L., Dunstall, S., & Grundy, M. (2015). Modelling Australian land use competition and ecosystem services with food price feedbacks at high spatial resolution. Environmental Modelling & Software, 69, 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daigneault, A., Baker, J. S., Guo, J., Lauri, P., Favero, A., Forsell, N., Sohngen, & B. (2022). How the future of the global forest sink depends on timber demand, forest management, and carbon policies. Global Environmental Change, 76, 102582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, C., Kirkpatrick, J. B., Harper, R. J., & Eldridge, D. J. (2015). Optimising carbon sequestration in arid and semiarid rangelands. Ecological Engineering, 74, 148–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Environment and Energy. (n.d.). Emissions reduction fund environmental data.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, X., Waldron, S., Brown, C., & Zhang, J. (2018). Price transmission in regional beef markets: Australia, China and Southeast Asia. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i2.1601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley, K., Stabinsky, D., Stone, K., Sharma, S., Anderson, T., Gurian-Sherman, D., & Riggs, P. (2018). Missing pathways to 1.5 °C: The role of the land sector in ambitious climate action. Climate Land Ambition and Rights Alliance.
   Google Scholar
• Eady, S., Grundy, M., Battaglia, M., & Keating, B. (2009). An analysis of greenhouse gas mitigation and carbon biosequestration opportunities from rural land use. Armidale Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, A., Archer, R., De Bruyn, P., Evans, J., Lewis, B., Vigilante, T., & Russell-Smith, J. (2021). Transforming fire management in northern Australia through successful implementation of savanna burning emissions reductions projects. Journal of Environmental Management, 290, 112568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, M. C. (2018). Effective incentives for reforestation: Lessons from Australia's carbon farming policies. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 32, 38–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, M. C., Carwardine, J., Fensham, R. J., Butler, D. W., Wilson, K. A., Possingham, H. P., & Martin, T. G. (2015). Carbon farming via assisted natural regeneration as a cost-effective mechanism for restoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Environmental Science & Policy, 50, 114–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajardy, M., & Mac Dowell, N. (2017). Can BECCS deliver sustainable and resource efficient negative emissions? Energy & Environmental Science, 10(6), 1389–1426. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE00465F
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fargione, J. E., Bassett, S., Boucher, T., Bridgham, S. D., Conant, R. T., Cook-Patton, S. C., Ellis, P., Falcucci, A., Fourqurean, J. W., & Gopalakrishna, T. (2018). Natural climate solutions for the United States. Science Advances, 4(11), eaat1869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmers for Climate Action. (2021). How can Australia's agriculture sector realise opportunity in a low emissions future? https://farmersforclimateaction.org.au/how-can-australias-agriculture-sector-realise-opportunity-in-a-low-emissions-future/.
   Google Scholar
• Fridahl, M., & Lehtveer, M. (2018) Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): Global potential, investment preferences, and deployment barriers. Energy Research & Social Science, 42, 155–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, J. M., Field, C. B., Kerr, S., & Daigneault, A. (2014). Modeling the impact of carbon farming on land use in a New Zealand landscape. Environmental Science & Policy, 37, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuss, S., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., Amann, T., & Khanna, T. (2018). Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6), 063002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambhir, A., Butnar, I., Li, P.-H., Smith, P., & Strachan, N. (2019). A review of criticisms of integrated assessment models and proposed approaches to address these, through the lens of BECCS. Energies, 12(9), 1747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub, A., Hertel, T., Lee, H.-L., Rose, S., & Sohngen, B. (2009). The opportunity cost of land use and the global potential for greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture and forestry. Resource and Energy Economics, 31(4), 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2009.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafton, R. Q., Chu, H. L., Nelson, H., & Bonnis, G. (2021). A global analysis of the cost-efficiency of forest carbon sequestration.
   Google Scholar
• Griscom, B. W., Busch, J., Cook-Patton, S. C., Ellis, P. W., Funk, J., Leavitt, S. M., Lomax, G., Turner, W. R., Chapman, M., & Engelmann, J. (2020). National mitigation potential from natural climate solutions in the tropics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375(1794), 20190126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haverd, V., Raupach, M., Briggs, P., Canadell, J., Isaac, P., Pickett-Heaps, C., & Wang, Z. (2012). Multiple observation types reduce uncertainty in Australia's terrestrial carbon and water cycles. Biogeosciences Discussions, 9(9), 12181–12258. https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-12181-2012
   Google Scholar
• Hayek, F. (1945). The use of knowledge in society. The American Economic Review, 35(4).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyos-Santillan, J., Miranda, A., Lara, A., Sepulveda-Jauregui, A., Zamorano-Elgueta, C., Gómez-González, S., Vásquez-Lavín, F., Garreaud, R. D., & Rojas, M. l. (2021). Diversifying Chile’s climate action away from industrial plantations. Environmental Science & Policy, 124, 85–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2019). Global warming of 1.5(C An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change (sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. https://www ipcc. ch/sr15.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R., Canadell, J., Fuss, S., Milne, J., Nakicenovic, N., & Tavoni, M. (2017). Focus on negative emissions. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa94ff
   Google Scholar
• Jagtap, S., Trollman, H., Trollman, F., Garcia-Garcia, G., Parra-López, C., Duong, L., & Hdaifeh, A. (2022). The Russia-Ukraine conflict: Its implications for the global food supply chains. Foods (basel, Switzerland), 11(14), 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, E., & Yamagata, Y. (2014). BECCS capability of dedicated bioenergy crops under a future land-use scenario targeting net negative carbon emissions. Earth's Future, 2(9), 421–439. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, D., & Harrison, S. (2014). Enhanced Australian carbon sink despite increased wildfire during the 21st century. Environmental Research Letters, 9(10)(10), 104015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragt, M. E., Pannell, D. J., Robertson, M. J., & Thamo, T. (2012). Assessing costs of soil carbon sequestration by crop-livestock farmers in Western Australia. Agricultural Systems, 112, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2012.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, K., Burns, K., Low, K., Heyhoe, E., & Ahammad, H. (2008). Analysing the economic potential of forestry for carbon sequestration under alternative carbon price paths. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Longmire, A., Taylor, C., & Pearson, C. J. (2015). An open-access method for targeting revegetation based on potential for emissions reduction, carbon sequestration and opportunity cost. Land Use Policy, 42, 578–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, X., Huete, A., Cleverly, J., Eamus, D., Chevallier, F., Joiner, J., & Meyer, W. (2016). Drought rapidly diminishes the large net CO2 uptake in 2011 over semi-arid Australia. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 37747. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37747
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Man, C. D., Lyons, K. C., Nelson, J. D., & Bull, G. Q. (2015). Cost to produce carbon credits by reducing the harvest level in British Columbia, Canada. Forest Policy and Economics, 52, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maraseni, T. N., & Cockfield, G. (2015). The financial implications of converting farmland to state-supported environmental plantings in the Darling Downs region, Queensland. Agricultural Systems, 135, 57–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinoni, O., Garcia, J. N., Marvanek, S., Prestwidge, D., Clifford, D., & Laredo, L. (2012). Development of a system to produce maps of agricultural profit on a continental scale: An example for Australia. Agricultural Systems, 105(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinoni, O., & Navarro Garcia, J. (2018). Agricultural profit map for Australia for 2010–2011. v1. CSIRO.
   Google Scholar
• McKinsey and Company. (2008). An Australian cost curve for greenhouse gas abatement. McKinsey and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Minx, J. C., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Bornmann, L., & Fuss, S. (2017). Fast growing research on negative emissions. Environmental Research Letters, 12(3), 035007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5ee5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minx, J. C., Lamb, W. F., Callaghan, M. W., Fuss, S., Hilaire, J., Creutzig, F., & Hartmann, J. (2018). Negative emissions—Part 1: Research landscape and synthesis. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6), 063001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monjardino, M., Revell, D., & Pannell, D. J. (2010). The potential contribution of forage shrubs to economic returns and environmental management in Australian dryland agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems, 103(4), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2009.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nature4climate. (2019). Guide to including nature in nationally determined contributions. A checklist of information and accounting approaches for natural climate solutions.
   Google Scholar
• Polglase, P., Reeson, A., Hawkins, C., Paul, K., Siggins, A., Turner, J., & Opie, K. (2013). Potential for forest carbon plantings to offset greenhouse emissions in Australia: Economics and constraints to implementation. Climatic Change, 121(2), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0882-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pour, N., Webley, P. A., & Cook, P. J. (2018). Opportunities for application of BECCS in the Australian power sector. Applied Energy, 224, 615–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QGIS Development Team. (2016). QGIS geographic information system. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing.
   Google Scholar
• Regan, C., Connor, J., Settre, C., Summers, D., & Cavagnaro, T. (2019). Assessing South Australian carbon offset supply and cost. Goyder institute for water research technical report series(19/03). Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series.
   Google Scholar
• Regan, C. M., Bryan, B. A., Connor, J. D., Meyer, W. S., Ostendorf, B., Zhu, Z., & Bao, C. (2015). Real options analysis for land use management: Methods, application, and implications for policy. Journal of Environmental Management, 161, 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, C. M., Connor, J. D., Summers, D. M., Settre, C., O'Connor, P. J., & Cavagnaro, T. R. (2020). The influence of crediting and permanence periods on Australian forest-based carbon offset supply. Land Use Policy, 97, 104800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, G. P., & Evans, D. M. (2004). Development of a carbon accounting model (FullCAM Vers. 1.0) for the Australian continent. Australian Forestry, 67(4), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2004.10674947
   Google Scholar
• Roe, S., Streck, C., Beach, R., Busch, J., Chapman, M., Daioglou, V., & Engelmann, J. (2021). Land-based measures to mitigate climate change: Potential and feasibility by country. Global Change Biology, 27(23), 6025–6058. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxburgh, S. H., Karunaratne, S. B., Paul, K. I., Lucas, R. M., Armston, J. D., & Sun, J. (2019). A revised above-ground maximum biomass layer for the Australian continent. Forest Ecology and Management, 432, 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon, N., Smith, A., Smith, P., Key, I., Chausson, A., Girardin, C., & Turner, B. (2021). Getting the message right on nature-based solutions to climate change. Global Change Biology, 27(8), 1518–1546. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shmueli, G. (2010). To explain or to predict? Statistical Science, 25(3), 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1214/10-STS330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siikamäki, J., & Newbold, S. C. (2012). Potential biodiversity benefits from international programs to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation. Ambio, 41(1), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0243-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinnett, A., Behrendt, R., Ho, C., & Malcolm, B. (2016). The carbon credits and economic return of environmental plantings on a prime lamb property in south eastern Australia. Land Use Policy, 52, 374–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Nous Group. (2010). Outback carbon: An assessment of carbon storage, sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in remote Australia. The Pew Environment Group-Australia and the Nature Conservancy.
   Google Scholar
• Tomich, T. P., de Foresta, H., Dennis, R., Ketterings, Q., Murdiyarso, D., Palm, C., & van Noordwijk, M. (2002). Carbon offsets for conservation and development in Indonesia? American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 17(3), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1079/AJAA200219
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (n.d.). Clean development mechanism project register.
   Google Scholar
• Wade, C. M., Baker, J. S., Jones, J. P., Austin, K. G., Cai, Y., de Hernandez, A. B., & Creason, J. (2022). Projecting the impact of socioeconomic and policy factors on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration in U.S. Forestry and Agriculture. Journal of Forest Economics, 37(1), 127–131. https://doi.org/10.1561/112.00000545
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weishaar, S. (2007). CO2 emission allowance allocation mechanisms, allocative efficiency and the environment: A static and dynamic perspective. European Journal of Law and Economics, 24(1), 29–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-007-9020-z
   Google Scholar
• White, R., & Davidson, B. (2016). The costs and benefits of approved methods for sequestering carbon in soil through the Australian Government’s emissions reduction fund. Environment and Natural Resources Research, 6, 99–109.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, T., Reeve, A., & Ha, J. (2021). Towards net zero: Practical policies to reduce agricultural emissions (064508798X).
   Google Scholar
• Yang, H., & Li, X. (2018). Potential variation in opportunity cost estimates for REDD+ and its causes. Forest Policy and Economics, 95, 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., & Cai, X. (2011). Climate change impacts on global agricultural land availability. Environmental Research Letters, 6(1), 014014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/1/014014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zomer, R. J., Trabucco, A., Bossio, D. A., & Verchot, L. V. (2008). Climate change mitigation: A spatial analysis of global land suitability for clean development mechanism afforestation and reforestation. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126(1-2), 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar