Meanings of military ranks

References

• Alvarez, R.M. and Franklin, C.H., 28 May 1996. Attitudes, Uncertainty and Survey Responses. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
   Google Scholar
• Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2008. Changing Organizational Culture: Cultural Change Work in Progress. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B., Berger, J., Cohen, B.P. and Zelditch, M., 1966. Status classes in organizations. Administrative science quarterly, 11 (2), 264–283.10.2307/2391248
   Google Scholar
• Argyris, C., 1957. The individual and organization: some problems of mutual adjustment. Administrative science quarterly, 2 (1), 1–24.10.2307/2390587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, J. and Overton, T., 1977. Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of marketing research, 14 (3), 396–402.10.2307/3150783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashforth, B.E. and Mael, F., 1989. Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of management review, 14 (1), 20–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartone, P.T., 2006. Resilience under military operational stress: can leaders influence hardiness? Military psychology, 18 (S), S131–S148.10.1207/s15327876mp1803s_10
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Dor, G., Pedahzur, A., Canetti-Nisim, D., Zaidise, E., Perliger, A. and Bermanis, S., 2008. I versus we: collective and individual factors of reserve service motivation during war and peace. Armed forces & society, 34 (4), 565–592.10.1177/0095327X07303609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson, E.S., 1968. Some political perspectives of academic reserve officers. Journal of peace research, 5 (3), 293–305.10.1177/002234336800500306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J., Cohen, B.P. and Zelditch, M., 1972. Status characteristics and social interaction. American sociological review, 37 (3), 241–255.10.2307/2093465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D. and Radley, A.R., 1988. Ideological dilemmas. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, B., Kestnbaum, M. and Segal, D.R., 2001. Are post-cold war militaries postmodern? Armed forces and society, 27 (3), 319–342.10.1177/0095327X0102700301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyt, T., Lusch, R. and Mejza, M., 2005. Theoretical models of the antecedents and consequences of organizational, workgroup, and professional esprit de corps. European management journal, 23 (6), 682–701.10.1016/j.emj.2005.10.013
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, F.B. and Yarnold, P.R., 1995. Principal-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In: L.G. Grimm and P.R. Yarnold, eds. Reading and understanding multivariate statistics. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 99–136.
   Google Scholar
• von Clausewitz, C., 1873. Branches of the art of war. In: J.J. Graham, ed. On war Chapter I. translation, London. Available from: https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/OnWar1873/BK2ch01.html
   Google Scholar
• Corona, V.P., 2011. Career patterns in the U.S. army officer corps. Public organization review, 11 (2), 109–134.10.1007/s11115-010-0114-7
   Google Scholar
• Costello, A. and Osborne, J., 2005. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, research and evaluation, 10 (7), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• D’Aveni, R.A., 1990. Top managerial prestige and organizational bankruptcy. Organization science, 1 (2), 121–142.10.1287/orsc.1.2.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandridge, T., Mitroff, I. and Joyce, W.F., 1980. Organizational symbolism: a topic to expand organizational analysis. The academy of management review, 5 (1), 77–82.
   Google Scholar
• Danielsson, E. and Carlstedt, B., 2011. The Swedish reserve officer: filling vacancies or using competences. Armed forces & society, 37 (2), 284–300.10.1177/0095327X10368012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diefenbach, T. and Sillince, J.A.A., 2011. Formal and informal hierarchy in different types of organization. Organization studies, 32 (11), 1515–1537.10.1177/0170840611421254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W., 1983. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American sociological review, 48 (2), 147–160.10.2307/2095101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evan, W.M., 1993. Organization Theory: Research and Design. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Faris, J.H., 1995. The looking-glass army: patriotism in the post-cold war era. Armed forces & society, 21 (3), 411–434.10.1177/0095327X9502100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, S., 1992. Power in top management teams: dimensions, measurement, and validation. The academy of management journal, 35 (3), 505–538.10.2307/256485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish Government, 2006. Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle puolustusvoimalaiksi ja eräiksi siihen liittyviksi laeiksi, HE 264/2006. Available from: https://www.finlex.fi/fi/esitykset/he/2006/20060264. [Government Bill to the Parliament of Finland with proposals for Law on Armed Forces and certain related Acts].
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, E.F., 2001. Guardians of the Republic: A History of the Noncommissioned Officer Corps of the US Army. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J. and Moore, J.C., 1979. Status characteristics and expectation states: fitting and testing a recent model. Social psychology quarterly, 42 (2), 126–134.10.2307/3033693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, D., 2005. Military Identities: The Regimental System, the British army, and the British people c. 1870–2000. New York:  Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258031.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Frost, P.J., Moore, L.F., Louis, M.R., Lundberg, C.C. and Martin, J., eds., 1991. Reframing Organizational Culture. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, B.D., Pedahzur, A., Canetti-Nisim, D., Zaidise, E., Perliger, A. and Bermanis, S., 2008. I versus we: collective and individual factors of reserve service motivation during war and peace. Armed forces & society, 34 (4), 565–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garsten, C., 1999. Betwixt and between: temporary employees as liminal subjects in flexible organizations. Organization studies, 20 (4), 601–617.10.1177/0170840699204004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, C.B. and Birkinshaw, J., 2004. The antecedents, consequences, and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity. Academy of management journal, 47 (2), 209–226.10.2307/20159573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia, D.A. and Thomas, J.B., 1996. Identity, image, and issue interpretation: sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative science quarterly, 41 (3), 370–403.10.2307/2393936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J., 1988. Measurement of Group cohesion in U.S. army units. Basic and applied social psychology, 9 (2), 149–171.10.1207/s15324834basp0902_6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J., 2005. Will citizens be soldiers? examining retention of reserve component soldiers. Armed forces & society, 31 (3), 353–383.10.1177/0095327X0503100303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J., 2009a. After 9/11, what kind of reserve soldier? considerations given to emerging demands, organizational orientation, and individual commitment. Armed forces & society, 35 (2), 214–240.10.1177/0095327X07312490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J., 2009b. Being a reserve soldier. a matter of social indentity. Armed forces & society, 36 (1), 38–64.10.1177/0095327X08327819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J., 2011. Reserve identities: what are they? and do they matter? an empirical examination. Armed forces & society, 37 (4), 619–635.10.1177/0095327X10382213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunz, H.P., 1989. The dual meaning of managerial careers: organizational and individual levels of analysis. Journal of management studies, 26 (3), 225–250.10.1111/joms.1989.26.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C., 2006. Multivariate Data-Analysis. 6th ed. London: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hajba, S., 1982. Yritysjohdon ammatillistuminen ja valikoituminen osana yritysten institutioitumista [The professionalization and selection of management as a part of the institutionalization of firms]. Sarja A: Turun kauppakorkeakoulun julkaisuja.
   Google Scholar
• Harinen, O., 2000. Sotilasjoukon kiinteys ja sotilasorganisaatio [Cohesion in a military group and the military organization]. Tutkimusselosteita A/13/2000. Puolustusvoimien koulutuksen kehittämiskeskus, Käyttäytymistieteiden osasto.
   Google Scholar
• Harms, P.D., Credé, M., Tynan, M., Leon, M. and Jeung, W., 2017. Leadership and stress: a meta-analytic review. The leadership quarterly, 28 (1), 178–194.10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, M.J., 1993. The dynamics of organizational culture. Academy of management review, 18 (4), 657–693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, M.J. and Schultz, M., 2002. The dynamics of organizational identity. Human relations, 55 (8), 989–1018.10.1177/0018726702055008181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hembroff, L.A. and Myers, D.E., 1984. Status characteristics: degrees of task relevance and decision processes. Social psychology quarterly, 47 (4), 337–346.10.2307/3033636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, R. and Warrenfeltz, R., 2003. Educating the modern manager. Academy of management learning & education, 2 (1), 74–84.10.5465/AMLE.2003.9324043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huberman, B.A., Loch, C.H. and ÖNçüler, A., 2004. Status as a valued resource. Social psychology quarterly, 67 (1), 103–114.10.1177/019027250406700109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutcheson, G. and Sofroniou, N., 1999. The Multivariate Social Scientist: Introductory Statistics Using Generalized Linear Models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.10.4135/9780857028075
   Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, J. and Somerpuro, T., 2005. Samasta muotista. Mistä on suuret pomot tehty? RUK:sta, kauppiksesta, tekusta. Niistä on suuret johtajat tehty [From the same mold. What are the bosses made of? RUK, Kauppis and Teku, of that are the big bosses made of]. Kauppalehti Presso, 3 December 2005, p. 37.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A., 1984. The negotiation of meaning in the military. Central issues in anthropology, 5 (2), 31–46.10.1525/cia.1984.5.issue-2
   Google Scholar
• Janowitz, M., 1959. Changing patterns of organizational authority: the military establishment. Administrative science quarterly, 3 (4), 473–493.10.2307/2390811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janowitz, M., 1980. Observations on the sociology of citizenship: obligations and rights. Social forces, 59 (1), 1–24.10.2307/2577830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, N. and Alex, N., 1972. The uniform: a sociological perspective. American journal of sociology, 77 (4), 719–730.10.1086/225197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kärävä, S., 2001. Nuoria johtajia taisteluvastuussa, [Young leaders in charge of battle], in Tulikoe Ihmisten johtaminen sodan ja rauhan aikana [Ordeal of fire. Leadership in war and peace]. Suomen Reserviupseeriliitto, 96–123.
   Google Scholar
• King, W.R., 2005. Toward a better understanding of the hierarchical nature of police organizations: Conception and measurement. Journal of criminal justice, 33 (1), 97–109.10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirke, C., 2010. Military cohesion, culture and social psychology. Defence & Security analysis, 26 (2), 143–159.10.1080/14751798.2010.488856
   Google Scholar
• Little, R.W., 1970. Buddy relations and Combat Performance. In: Oscar Grusky and George A. Miller, eds. The sociology of organizations, basic studies. New York, NY: The Free Press, 361–376.
   Google Scholar
• Lomsky-Feder, E., Gazit, N. and Ben-Ari, E., 2008. Reserve soldiers as transmigrants. Armed forces & society, 34 (4), 593–614.10.1177/0095327X07312090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee, J.C. and Galinsky, A.D., 2008. Social Hierarchy: the self-reinforcing nature of power and status. The academy of management annals, 2 (1), 351–398.10.1080/19416520802211628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, J.G., 1978. Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and the engineering of choice. The bell journal of economics, 9 (2), 587–608.10.2307/3003600
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J., 2002. Organizational Culture: Mapping the Terrain. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.10.4135/9781483328478
   Google Scholar
• Moore, D. and Trout, T., 1978. Military advancement: the visibility theory of promotion. The American political science review, 72 (2), 452–468.10.2307/1954104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskos, C.C., 1977. From institution to occupation trends in military organization. Armed forces & society, 4 (1), 41–50.10.1177/0095327X7700400103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskos, C.C., 1981. Making the all-volunteer force work: a national service approach. Foreign affairs, 17–34.10.2307/20040987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskos, C.C., 1990. The Sociology of Army Reserves: Final Report. United States Army, Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, ARI Research Note 90–88.
   Google Scholar
• Nissinen, V., 2001. Military Leadership, a Critical Constructivist Apporoach to Conceptualizing. Helsinki: Modeling and Measuring Military Leadership in the Defence Forces. National Defence College.
   Google Scholar
• Pigeau, R. and McCann, C., 2002. Re-conceptualizing command and control. Canadian military journal, Spring, 53–64.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y. and Podsakoff, N.P., 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88 (5), 879–903.10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, M.G. and Rafaeli, A., 1997. Organizational dress as a symbol of multilayered social identities. Academy of management journal, 40 (4), 862–898.10.2307/256951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pylkkänen, A. and Ikonen, K., 2006. Haasteena sodan ja rauhan johtajuus, Suomen Reserviupseeriliitto [Leadership under peace and war as a challenge, Finnish Reserve Officers’ Federation]. Helsinki
   Google Scholar
• Redmond, S.A., Wilcox, S.L., Campbell, S., Kim, A., Finney, K., Barr, K. and Hassan, A.M., 2015. A brief introduction to the military workplace culture. Work, 50 (1), 9–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salo, M., 2011. United We Stand-Divided We Fall: A Standard Model of Unit Cohesion. Helsinki: Publications of the Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Salo, M. and Siebold, G.L., 2005. Cohesion components as predictors of performance and attitudinal criteria. The Annual Meeting of the International Military Testing Association, Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Schein, E.H., 1985. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Segal, D.R. and Segal, M., 1983. Change in military organization. Annual review of sociology, 9, 151–170.10.1146/annurev.so.09.080183.001055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharabi, M., 2012. Performance or politics: promotions in the Israeli public sector. Public administration research, 1 (1), 113–120.
   Google Scholar
• Siebold, G.L., 2007. The essence of military group cohesion. Armed forces & society, 33 (2), 286–295.10.1177/0095327X06294173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, A., 1998. How ambiguity results in excellence: the role of hierarchy and reputation in U.S. army special forces. Human organization, 57 (1), 117–123.10.17730/humo.57.1.r3087l37m1516871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelton, W.B., 1992. An American profession of arms: the army officer corps, 1784–1861. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Smircich, L., 1983. Concepts of culture and organizational analysis. Administrative science quarterly, 28 (3), 339–358.10.2307/2392246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, N.K., 1988. South Atlantic conflict of 1982: a case study in military cohesion. Final research rept. Feb 1987–Apr 1988, Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Alexandria VA.
   Google Scholar
• Stryker, S. and Macke, A., 1978. Status inconsistency and role conflict. Annual review of sociology, 4, 57–90.10.1146/annurev.so.04.080178.000421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taina, A., 1997. Vastauksena kansanedustajien Bremer et al. kirjalliseen kysymykseen KK 817/1997 [As an answer to the written query of Members of Parliament Bremer at al. KK 817/1997]. Helsinki, 1 September.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., 1978. Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In: H. Tajfel, ed. Differentiation between social groups: studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations, 61–76. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Terriff, T., 2006. Warriors and innovators: military change and organizational culture in the US marine corps. Defence studies, 6 (2), 215–247.10.1080/14702430601056139
   Google Scholar
• Tillander-Godenhielm, U., 2007. Keisarillinen palkitsemisjärjestelmä ja Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta [The Imperial reward system and the Grand Duchy of Finland]. In: John Störnberg, Jussi Nuorteva and Christina Forsell, eds. Valtio palkitsee – Staten belönar. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, 62–95.
   Google Scholar
• Trice, H.M. and Beyer, J.M., 1984. Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonials. Academy of management review, 9 (4), 653–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trice, H.M. and Beyer, J.M., 1993. The Cultures of Work Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Veneri, M.C., 2008. The U.S. military’s implementation of the joint duty promotion requirement. Armed forces & society, 34 (3), 413–432.10.1177/0095327X07308628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vest, B., 2014. Finding balance: individuals, agency, and dual belonging in the united states national guard. Human organization, 73 (2), 106–115.10.17730/humo.73.2.a25x3334n8754673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, W., 1992. Comparing army reserve forces: a tale of multiple ironies, conflicting realities, and more certain prospects. Armed forces & society, 18 (3), 303–322.10.1177/0095327X9201800301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, M. and Driskell, J.E., 1978. Status generalization: a review and some new data. American sociological review, 43 (2), 220–236.10.2307/2094700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weick, K.E., 1995. Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wiig, E.H. and Wiig, K.M., 1999. On conceptual learning. Arlington, TX: Working paper, Knowledge Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Zurcher, L.A. and Harries-Jenkins, G., 1978. Introduction to supplementary military forces: reserves, militias, auxiliaries. In: A. Louis, ed. Zurcher and Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, 11–37. Beverly Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar