European defence in an interpolar context: explaining the limitations of French-German contribution to European strategic autonomy

References

• Biermann, F., and M Weiss. 2021. “Power without a Cause? Germany’s Conflict Avoidance and the Integration of European Defence Procurement.” Journal of European Integration 43 (2): 227–242. doi:10.1080/07036337.2021.1877691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billon-Galland, A., and M. Quencez. 2017. Can France and Germany Make PESCO Work as a Process toward EU Defense? German Marshall Fund of the United States.
   Google Scholar
• Billon-Galland, A., and A. Thomson. 2018. European Strategic Autonomy: Stop Talking, Start Planning. European Leadership Network.
   Google Scholar
• Bollfrass, A. 2022. “Germany’s Security Revolution Is Already Stalling.” Foreign Policy Magazine, April 21. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/21/germany-security-revolution-russia-war-ukraine-defense-eu/
   Google Scholar
• Bunde, T. 2021. “Defending European Integration by (Symbolically) Integrating European Defence? Germany and Its Ambivalent Role in European Security and Defence Policy.” Journal of European Integration 43 (2): 243–259. doi:10.1080/07036337.2021.1877693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschaux-Dutard, D. 2017. “Usage de la Force Militaire Et Contrôle Démocratique: Le Rôle Des Arènes Parlementaires En France Et En Allemagne.” Revue internationale de politique comparée 24 (3): 201–231.
   Google Scholar
• Deschaux-Dutard, D. 2019a. “The French-German Military Cooperation and the Revival of European Defence after Brexit: Between Reality and Political Myth.” In Peace, Security and Defence Cooperation in Post-Brexit Europe, 53–77. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Deschaux-Dutard, D. 2019b. “La coopération militaire franco-allemande et la défense européenne après le Brexit.” Les Champs de Mars 1: 53–76.
   Google Scholar
• Deschaux-Dutard, D. 2020. “Brexit et discours de politique étrangère.” Politique europeenne 4: 70–93.
   Google Scholar
• Deschaux-Dutard, D. 2020. “How Do Crises Fuel European Defence Policy?: A Comparative Analysis of the Birth and Relaunch of European Defence Using the Multiple Stream Framework.” European Review of International Studies 7 (1): 52–80. doi:10.1163/21967415-bja10019.
   Google Scholar
• Deschaux-Dutard, D. 2021. “France, “Germany and NATO: An Ambiguous two-step Dance.” NATO Briefs Series n°01/2021.
   Google Scholar
• Giegerich, B., and M. Terhalle. 2016. “The Munich Consensus and the Purpose of German Power.” Survival 58 (2): 155–166. doi:10.1080/00396338.2016.1161909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giumelli, F., and C. Lavallée. 2013. “EU Security Governance: From Processes to Policies.” Journal of Contemporary European Research 9 (3): 365‐371. doi:10.30950/jcer.v9i3.590.
   Google Scholar
• Gotkowska, J. 2018. The Trouble with PESCO. The Mirages of European Defence. Warsaw: Center for Eastern Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Gotkowska, J. 2020. European Strategic Autonomy or European Pillar in NATO? Germany’s Stance on French Initiatives, 320. Warsaw: Center for Eastern Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Haroche, P. 2020. “Supranationalism Strikes Back: A Neofunctionalist Account of the European Defence Fund.” Journal of European Public Policy 27 (6): 853–872. doi:10.1080/13501763.2019.1609570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howorth, J. 2012. “Security Governance in the EU Space.” In Comparative Regional Security Governance, edited by Breslin, S. and S. Croft, 23–43. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Howorth, J. 2017. “Strategic Autonomy and EU-NATO Cooperation: Squaring the Circle.” Security Policy Brief 85: 5.
   Google Scholar
• Howorth, J. 2020. “The CSDP in Transition: Towards a “Strategic Autonomy”?” In Governance and Politics in the Post-Crisis European Union, edited by Coman, Ramona, Amandine Crespy, and Vivien A. Schmidt, 312–329, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huntley, M. D. 2020. “European Defence Policy at a crossroads–Germany Preserving the Status Quo and France Seeking Change?” European Politics and Society 23 (2): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Iso-Markku, T., and G. Müller-Brandeck-Bocquet. 2020. “Towards German Leadership? Germany’s Evolving Role and the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy.” German Politics 29 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1080/09644008.2019.1611782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvenpää, P., C. Major, and S. Sakkov. 2019. European Strategic Autonomy: Operationalising a Buzzword. October. Estonia: International Center for Defense and Security.
   Google Scholar
• Juncos, A. E., and K. Pomorska. 2011. “Invisible and Unaccountable? National Representatives and Council Officials in EU Foreign Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 18 (8): 1096–1114. doi:10.1080/13501763.2011.615197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenstein, P., ed. 1996. The Culture of National Security. Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Colombia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kempin, Ronja, ed. 2021. “France’s Foreign and Security Policy under President Macron. The Consequences for French-German Cooperation.” SWP Research Paper 2021/RP 04.
   Google Scholar
• Koenig, N. 2020. “The EU’s Strategic Compass for Security and Defence: Just Another Paper?” Hertie School Jacques Delors Center, July.
   Google Scholar
• Krotz, Ulrich, and Joachim Schild. 2013. Shaping Europe: France, Germany, and Embedded Bilateralism from the Elysée Treaty to twenty-first Century Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lecocq, S., and S. Keukeleire. 2018. “Decentring the Analysis of EU Foreign Policy and external-internal Legitimacy:(re-) Introducing Polity.” Global Affairs 4 (2–3): 341–351. doi:10.1080/23340460.2018.1532307.
   Google Scholar
• Leonhard, N., and S. Gareis, eds. 2008. United March,- Marcher Uni - Franco-German Armed Forces Cooperation as a Paradigm of European Armed Forces?. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Lippert, B., N. V. Ondarza, and V. Perthes. 2019. “European Strategic Autonomy: Actors, Issues, Conflicts of Interests.” (SWP Research Paper, 4/2019). Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit. doi:10.18449/2019RP04.
   Google Scholar
• Major, C., and C. Mölling. 2018. “Why Joining France’s European Intervention Initiative Is the Right Decision for Germany.” Egmont publications, Accessed 17 June 2021. http://www.egmontinstitute.be/why-joining-frances-european-intervention-initiative-is-the-right-decision-for-germany/
   Google Scholar
• Major, C., and C. Mölling. 2019. “PESCO: The German Perspective.” ARES policy paper, No. 36, February.
   Google Scholar
• Major, C., and C. Mölling. 2020. “Europe, Germany and Defense: Priorities and Challenges of the German EU Presidency and the Way Ahead for European Defense.” Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, Note 63/2020.
   Google Scholar
• Meijer, H., and S. Brooks. 2021. “Illusions of Autonomy: Why Europe Cannot Provide for Its Security if the United States Pulls Back.” International Security 45 (4): 7–43. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, C. 2006. The Quest for a European Strategic Culture: Changing Norms on Security and Defence in the European Union. London: Palgrave Macmilan.
   Google Scholar
• Mölling, C., and J.-P. Maulny. 2020. “Consent, Dissent, Misunderstandings: The Problem Landscape of Franco-German Defense Industrial Cooperation.” (DGAP Analysis, 1), Berlin: Forschungsinstitut der D Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik.
   Google Scholar
• Nováky, N. 2021. “The Strategic Compass: Charting a New Course for the EU’s Security and Defence Policy.” European View 20 (1): 112. doi:10.1177/17816858211009978.
   Google Scholar
• Pajon, C. 2006. La coopération franco-allemande au concret: Cultures, structures et acteurs. Paris: Centre d’études en sciences sociales de la défense.
   Google Scholar
• Pannier, A. 2018. ”Uk–french Defence and Security Cooperation”. In The Handbook of European Defence Policies and Armed Forces. pp. 424–439. London:Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Perissich, R. 2021. “Autonomie stratégique de l’UE: Un slogan à la recherche d’une politique.” Telos, Accessed 15 June 2021. https://www.telos-eu.com/fr/politique-francaise-et-internationale/autonomie-strategique-de-lue-un-slogan-a-la-recher.html
   Google Scholar
• Raube, K., and B. Tonra. 2018. “From internal-input to external-output: A multi-tiered Understanding of Legitimacy in EU Foreign Policy.” Global Affairs 4 (2–3): 241–251. doi:10.1080/23340460.2018.1535836.
   Google Scholar
• Rieker, P. 2021. “Differentiated Defence Integration Under French Leadership.” European Foreign Affairs Review 26 ( Special Issue): 111–126. doi:10.54648/EERR2021029.
   Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F. W. 1999. Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic?. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F. W. 2009. “Legitimacy in the Multilevel European Polity (No. 09/1).” MPIfG working paper.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, V. 2010. “Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited.” Input, Output and Throughput, Kolleg-Forschergruppe Working Paper Series, 21.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, Luis. 2017. “France and Germany. The European Union’s “Central” Member States.” In Foreign Policies of EU Member States, edited by Hadfield, Amelia, Ian Manners, and Richard Whitman, 66–82, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sjursen, H. 2002. “Why Expand?: The Question of Legitimacy and Justification in the EU’s Enlargement Policy.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40 (3): 491–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjursen, H. 2018. “The Legitimacy of European Union Foreign Policy.” Global Affairs 4 (2–3): 253–264. doi:10.1080/23340460.2018.1532308.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, J.L. 1977. The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Options. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation).
   Google Scholar
• Stoddard, E. 2015. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place? Internal–external Legitimacy Tensions and EU Foreign Policy in the European Periphery.” Journal of European Integration 37 (5): 553–570. doi:10.1080/07036337.2015.1019487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocci, N. 2017. “From the European Security Strategy to the EU Global Strategy: Explaining the Journey.” International Politics 54 (4): 487–502. doi:10.1057/s41311-017-0045-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocci, Nathalie. 2018. “Towards a European Security and Defence Union: Was 2017 a Watershed?.” Journal of Common Market Studies 56: 131–141. doi:10.1111/jcms.12752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonra, B. 2011. Democratic foundations of EU foreign policy: narratives and the myth of EU exceptionalism. Journal of European Public Policy 18(8), 1190–1207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonra, B. 2018. “Legitimacy and EU Security and Defence Policy: The Chimera of a Simulacrum (Part of the Collection “Understanding Legitimacy in EU Foreign Policy”).” Global Affairs 4 (2–3): 265–275. doi:10.1080/23340460.2018.1532306.
   Google Scholar