883
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Transatlantic cooperation in flux: Europe’s small and cautious steps towards “strategic autonomy”

Pages 609-623 | Received 01 Sep 2021, Accepted 12 Apr 2022, Published online: 25 Sep 2022

References

  • Alcaro, R. 2019. “Europe’s Struggle in the Fraying Transatlantic Order.” Survival. Global Politics and Strategy 61 (6): 77–88.
  • Alcaro, R., and A. Dessi. 2019. A Last Line of Defense: A Strategy for Europe to Preserve the Iran Nuclear Deal. Rome: Instituto Affari Internazionali.
  • Alden, C., and A. Aran. 2017. Foreign Policy Analysis. New Approaches. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Archick, K., and D.E. Mix 2015. “US-EU Cooperation on Ukraine and Russia.” Current Politics and Economics of Europe 29 (4): 437–440.
  • Baciu, C. 2022. “Interpolarity. Re-visiting security and the global order.” Defence Studies 22 (4): 571–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2110482.
  • Benitez, J. 2019. “US NATO Policy in the Age Of Trump: Controversy and Consistency.” The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 43 (1): 179–200.
  • Besch, S., and L. Scazzieri. 2020. European Strategic Autonomy and a New Transatlantic Bargain. Brussels: Center for European Reform.
  • Birnbaum, M. 2019. “NATO Countries Boost Defense Spending Ahead of Summit Showdown with Trump”. Washington Post, November 29.
  • Biscop, S. 2022. “Strategic Autonomy: Not without Integration”, Policy Brief. January. Brussels.
  • Casarini, N. 2020. “Rising to the Challenge: Europe’s Security Policy in East Asia and the US-China Rivalry.” The International Spectator 55 (1): 78–92. doi:10.1080/03932729.2020.1712133.
  • Clegg, J. 2020. “NATO, Europe, US & China”. spokesmanbooks.com, 31–39.
  • Collin, K. S. L. 2019. “China-India Rivalry at Sea: Capability, Trends and Challenges.” Asia Security 15 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1080/14799855.2019.1539820.
  • Cottey, A. 2019. “Europe and China’s Sea Disputes: Between Normative Politics, Power Balancing and Acquiescence.” European Security 28 (4): 473–492. doi:10.1080/09662839.2019.1636784.
  • Del Sarto, R. A. 2019. “Stuck in the Logic of Oslo: Europe and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” The Middle East Journal 73 (3): 376–396. doi:10.3751/73.3.12.
  • Delphine Deschaux-Dutard. 2022. “EU’s Global Strategy in an Interpolar Multipolar Context: Explaining the Limitations of French-German Contribution to European Strategic Autonomy.” Defence Studies 22 (4): 591–608.
  • DeYoung, K. 2021. “In Allied Capitals, a Nuanced, Cautious View of Biden”. The Washington Post, October 17.
  • Duke, S. 2017. Europe as a Stronger Global Actor. London: Palgrave.
  • Esteban, M., M. Otero-Iglesias, U. Berzina-Cerenkova, A. Ekman, L. Poggetti, B. Jerdén, J. Seaman & J. Szczudlik, edited by. 2020. Europe in the Face of US-China Rivalry. Madrid: A report by the European Think-tank Network on China.
  • EUGS. 2016. Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe. Brussels: European Union. External Action. 2016.
  • Garey, J. 2020. The US Role in NATO’s Survival after the Cold War. Cham: Palgrave.
  • Götz, E., and C.-R. Merlen. 2019. “Russia and the Question of World Order.” European Politics and Society 20 (2): 133–153. doi:10.1080/23745118.2018.1545181.
  • Gresh, G. 2020. “The New Great Game at Sea.” Texas National Security Review, December 8.
  • Harnisch, S. 2020. “Preventing Crisis Militarization: The European Union, the United States and the Iranian Nuclear Program.” In Enduring Crisis? the Politics of Resilience and Transatlantic Order, edited by Harnisch, S, C. Thies, and G. Friedrichs. Abingdon: Routledge. 90-107.
  • Harrell, P. E., T. Keatinge, S. Lain, and E. Rosenberg. 2017. The Future of Transatlantic Sanctions on Russia. Washington: CNAS.
  • Heidbreder, E.G. and G.J. Brandsma. 2018. “The EU Policy Process.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration in Europe, edited by Ongaro, E. and S. van Thiel, 805–821. London: Palgrave.
  • Heisbourg, F. 2020. “NATO 4.0: The Atlantic Alliance and the Rise of China.” Survival. Global Politics and Strategy 62 (2): 83–102.
  • Hill, Ch. 2016. Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century. London: Palgrave.
  • Howorth, J. 2021. Europe and Biden. Towards a New Transatlantic Pact? Brussels: Wilfried Martens Center for European Studies.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. 2015. “The Future of Multilateralism: Governing the World in a Post-Hegemonic Era.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 13 (3): 399–413. doi:10.1017/S1468109915000158.
  • Ikenberry, G.J. 2020. “The Next Liberal Order.” Foreign Affairs 99 (4): 133–142.
  • Jones, L. 2020. “Does China’s Belt and Road Initiative Challenge the Liberal Rules-based Order?” Fudan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 13: 113–133. doi:10.1007/s40647-019-00252-8.
  • Jozwiak, R. 2019. “EU Ambassadors Approve Sanctions on Eight More Russians over Kerch Strait Incident.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 6.
  • Kausch, K. 2018. “Balancing Trumpism: Transatlantic Divergence in the Middle East.” In Policy Brief, No. 038. Washington: GMF.
  • Lovatt, H. 2017. “Occupation and Sovereignty: Renewing EU Policy in Israel-Palestine.” In Policy Brief. London: European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Lovatt, H. 2020. Trump’s Deal for Israel-Palestine: Entrenched Unequal Rights and Annexation. London: European Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Meijer, H., and S. G. Brooks. 2021. “Illusions of Autonomy. Why Europe Cannot Provide for Its Security if the United States Pulls Out.” International Security 45 (4): 7–43. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00405.
  • Mohan, G. 2020. “A European Strategy for the Indo-Pacific.” The Washington Quarterly 43 (4): 171–185. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2020.1850447.
  • Moravcsik, A. 2018. “Preferences, Power and Institutions in the 21st Century Europe.” Journal of Common Market Studies 56 (7): 1648–1674. doi:10.1111/jcms.12804.
  • NATO. 2019. “Defense Expenditures of NATO Countries (2013-2019)”. Press Release, 29 November, Brussels.
  • NATO. 2021. Defense Expenditures of NATO Countries. Press release, June 11.
  • Olsen, J. A. 2020. “Understanding NATO.” The RUSI Journal 165 (3): 60–72. doi:10.1080/03071847.2020.1777772.
  • Pentagon. 2018. National Defense Strategy. Washington DC: The US Department of Defense.
  • Persson, A. 2018. “Introduction: The Occupation at 50: EU-Israel/Palestine Relations since 1967.” Middle East Critique 27 (4): 317–320. doi:10.1080/19436149.2018.1492222.
  • Pieper, M. 2017. “The Transatlantic Dialogue on Iran: The European Subaltern and Hegemonic Constraints in the Implementation of the 2015 Nuclear Agreement with Iran.” European Security 26 (1): 99–119. doi:10.1080/09662839.2016.1240676.
  • Reuters. 2021. “NATO to Agree Larger Iraq Training Force as Violence Rises”. World News, February 16.
  • Rezaei, F. 2019. Iran’s Foreign Policy after the Nuclear Agreement. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Riddervold, M. 2016. “(Not) in the Hands of the Member States: How the European Commission Influences EU Foreign and Security Policies.” Journal of Common Market Studies 54 (2): 353–369. doi:10.1111/jcms.12288.
  • Ringsmose, J., and M. Webber. 2020. “Hedging Their Bets? the Case for a European Pillar in NATO.” Defence Studies 20 (4): 295–317. doi:10.1080/14702436.2020.1823835.
  • Ripsman, N., Taliaferro, J.W., Lobell, S.E. 2016. Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rose, G. 1998. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy.” World Politics 51 (1): 144–172. doi:10.1017/S0043887100007814.
  • Schafranek, N. 2019. “NATO and the EU Training Missions in Iraq – An Opportunity to Enhance Cooperation”. NDC Politic Brief, 17 August.
  • Schreer, B. 2019. “Trump, NATO and the Future of Europe’s Defense.” The RUSI Journal 164 (1): 10–17. doi:10.1080/03071847.2019.1605011.
  • Sestak, J. 2020. “The US Navy’s Loss of Command of the Seas to China and How to Regain It.” The Texas National Security Review 4 (1): 1–23.
  • Shagina, M. 2021. “Towards a Trans-Atlantic Strategy on Russia Sanctions”. War on the Rocks, December 6.
  • Silove, N. 2016. “The Pivot before the Pivot. US Strategy to Preserve the Power Balance in Asia.” International Security 40 (4): 45–88. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00238.
  • Smith, M. 2018. “The EU, the US and the Crisis of Contemporary Multilateralism.” Journal of European Integration 40 (5): 539–553. doi:10.1080/07036337.2018.1488836.
  • Solis, M. 2017. “Trump Withdrawing from the Trans-Pacific Partnership”. Brookings, March 24.
  • Sweeny, S., and N. Winn. 2020. “EU Security and Defense Cooperation in Times of Dissent: Analyzing PESCO, the European Defense Fund and the European Intervention Initiative (EI2) in the Shadow of Brexit.” Defence Studies 20 (3): 224–249. doi:10.1080/14702436.2020.1778472.
  • Tabrizi, A. B., and B. Kienzle. 2020. “The High Representative and Directoires in European Foreign Policy: The Case of Nuclear Negotiations with Iran.” European Security 29 (3): 320–336. doi:10.1080/09662839.2020.1798407.
  • Tharoor, I. 2021. “As the US Leaves Afghanistan, Europe Sours on Biden”. Washington Post, 31 August.
  • Tocci, N. 2021. European Strategic Autonomy: What It Is, Why We Need It, How to Achieve It. Rome: IAI.
  • UK. 2020. “UK NV Note Verbale No. 162/20”, New York, 16 September.
  • White House. 2017. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Washington: White House.
  • Zhao, M. 2019. “Is a New Cold War Inevitable? Chinese Perspectives on US-Strategic Competition.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 12 (2): 371–394. doi:10.1093/cjip/poz010.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.