Current and emerging biologic therapies for allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis

References

• Licari A, Castagnoli R, Denicolò CF, et al. The nose and the lung: united airway disease? Front Pediatr. 2017;5:44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, et al. Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(2):186–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeConde AS, Soler ZM. Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and burden of disease. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2016;30(2):134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer EO. Allergic rhinitis: burden of illness, quality of life, comorbidities, and control. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2016;36(2):235–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaiss MS, Hammerby E, Robinson S, et al. The burden of allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on adolescents: A literature review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;121(1):43–52.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharyya N, Villeneuve S, Joish VN, et al. Cost burden and resource utilization in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(9):1969–1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilani S, Shin JJ. The burden and visit prevalence of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157(6):1048–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Brambilla I, De Filippo M, et al. The role of upper airway pathology as a co-morbidity in severe asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2017;11(11):855–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Castagnoli R, Tosca MA. et al. Personalized therapies for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Exp Rev Prec Med Drug Dev. 2019;4(5):275–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Castagnoli R, Brambilla I, et al. Asthma endotyping and biomarkers in childhood asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2018;31(2):44–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cianferoni A, Annesi-Maesano I. Precision medicine in atopic diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;19(6):654–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachert C, Akdis CA. Phenotypes and emerging endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(4):621–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Castagnoli R, Brambilla I, et al. Biomarkers of immunotherapy response in patients with allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2018;14(8):657–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y, Xie S, Yang C, et al. Biomarkers in the evaluation and management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;274(10):3559–3566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraro A, Lemanske RF Jr, Hellings PW, et al. Precision medicine in patients with allergic diseases: airway diseases and atopic dermatitis-PRACTALL document of the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology and the american academy of allergy, asthma & immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(5):1347–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauchau V, Durham SR. Prevalence and rate of diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Eur Respir J. 2004;24(5):758–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiner AN, Hellings PW, Rotiroti G, et al. Allergic rhinitis. Lancet. 2011;378(9809):2112–2122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eifan AO, Durham SR. Pathogenesis of rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46(9):1139–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Ciprandi G, Marseglia A, et al. Current recommendations and emerging options for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014;10(10):1337–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Castagnoli R, Bottino C, et al. Emerging drugs for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2016;21(1):57–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Greve G, Hellings PW, Fokkens WJ, et al. Endotype-driven treatment in chronic upper airway diseases. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7:22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachert C, Zhang L, Gevaert P. Current and future treatment options for adult chronic rhinosinusitis: focus on nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(6):1431–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, et al. EPOS 2012: european position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology. 2012;50(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlandi RR, Kingdom TT, Hwang PH, et al. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6(Suppl 1):S22–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund VJ, Mackay IS. Staging in rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 1993;31(4):183–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachert C, Vignola AM, Gevaert P, et al. Allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma: one airway disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2004;24(1):19–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Caimmi S, Bosa L, et al. Rhinosinusitis and asthma: a very long engagement. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2014;27(4):499–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marseglia GL, Pagella F, Klersy C, et al. The 10-day mark is a good way to diagnose not only acute rhinosinusitis but also adenoiditis, as confirmed by endoscopy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(4):581–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marseglia GL, Pagella F, Licari A, et al. Acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70(12):2027–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montella S, Baraldi E, Cazzato S, et al. Severe asthma features in children: a case-control online survey. Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42(1):9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benjamin MR, Stevens WW, Li N, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps in an academic setting. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(3):1010–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez JR, Teran LM. Aspirin-intolerant asthma: a comprehensive review of biomarkers and pathophysiology. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;45:75–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosati D, Rosato C, Pagliuca G, et al. Predictive markers of long-term recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41:102286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler ZM, Hyer JM, Ramakrishnan V, et al. Identification of chronic rhinosinusitis phenotypes using cluster analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5(5):399–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler ZM, Hyer JM, Rudmik L, et al. Cluster analysis and prediction of treatment outcomes for chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(4):1054–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomassen P, Vandeplas G, Van Zele T, et al. Inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis based on cluster analysis of biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(5):1449–1456.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Zhang N, Bo M, et al. Diversity of TH cytokine profiles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: A multicenter study in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(5):1344–1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner JH, Chandra RK, Li P, et al. Identification of clinically relevant chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes using cluster analysis of mucus cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(5):1895–1897.e7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdavinia M, Suh LA, Carter RG, et al. Increased noneosinophilic nasal polyps in chronic rhinosinusitis in US second-generation Asians suggest genetic regulation of eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):576–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis SK, Lam K, Luong A. A review of classification schemes for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis endotypes. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2016;1(5):130–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JX, Liao B, Yu QH, et al. IL-37-Mex3B-TLR3 axis in epithelial cells in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Jul 19; S0091-6749(19)30945-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachert C, Zhang N, Hellings PW, et al. Endotype-driven care pathways in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(5):1543–1551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeConde AS, Mace JC, Levy JM, et al. Prevalence of polyp recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(3):550–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins C, Slack R, Lund V, et al. Longterm outcomes from the English national comparative audit of surgery for nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(12):2459–2465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaminck S, Vauterin T, Hellings PW, et al. The importance of local eosinophilia in the surgical outcome of chronic rhinosinusitis: a 3-year prospective observational study. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2014;28(3):260–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei B, Liu F, Zhang J, et al. Multivariate analysis of inflammatory endotypes in recurrent nasal polyposis in a Chinese population. Rhinology. 2018;56(3):216–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachert C, Zhang N, Holtappels G, et al. Presence of IL-5 protein and IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in nasal polyps is associated with comorbid asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(5):962–8, 968.e1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciardolo F, Sorbello V, Folino A, et al. Identification of IL-17F/frequent exacerbator endotype in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(2):395–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White AA, Doherty TA. Role of group 2 innate lymphocytes in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease pathogenesis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2018;32(1):7–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse WW, Anti-immunoglobulin E. (omalizumab) therapy in allergic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(8 Pt 2):S12–S17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Castagnoli R, Denicolò C. et al. Omalizumab in children with severe allergic asthma: the italian real-life experience. Curr Respir Med Rev. 2017;13(1):36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Manti S, Castagnoli R, et al. Targeted therapy for severe asthma in children and adolescents: current and future perspectives. Paediatr Drugs. 2019;21(4):215–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciprandi G, Marseglia GL, Castagnoli R, et al. From IgE to clinical trials of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2015;11(12):1321–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Manti S, Marseg Licari A, Manti S, Marseg lia A, et al. Biologics in children with allergic diseases. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2019 Oct 29;15.
   Google Scholar
• Hassani M, Koenderman L. Immunological and hematological effects of IL-5(Ralpha) targeted therapy: an overview. Allergy. 2018;73(10):1979–1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farne HA, Wilson A, Powell C, et al. Anti-IL5 therapies for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD010834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, et al. Dupilumab efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(26):2486–2496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson EL, Bieber T, Guttman-Yassky E, et al. Two phase 3 trials of Dupilumab versus placebo in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(24):2335–2348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blauvelt A, de Bruin-weller M, Gooderham M, et al. Long-term management of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis with dupilumab and concomitant topical corticosteroids (LIBERTY AD CHRONOS): a 1-year, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10086):2287–2303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffarelli C, Paravati F, El Hachem M, et al. Management of chronic urticaria in children: a clinical guideline. Ital J Pediatr. 2019;45(1):101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevaert P, Calus L, Van Zele T, et al. Omalizumab is effective in allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyps and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(1):110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subcutaneous omalizumab for treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01066104.
   Google Scholar
• Clinical and biological effects of anti-IgE (Omalizumab) in patients with bilateral nasal polyposis and asthma. [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01393340.
   Google Scholar
• Gevaert P, Van Bruaene N, Cattaert T, et al. Mepolizumab, a humanized anti-IL-5 mAb, as a treatment option for severe nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(5):989–95.e1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachert C, Mannent L, Naclerio RM, et al. Effect of subcutaneous dupilumab on nasal polyp burden in patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(5):469–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachert C, Sousa AR, Lund VJ, et al. Reduced need for surgery in severe nasal polyposis with mepolizumab: a randomized trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(4):1024–1031.e14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsetsos N, Goudakos JK, Daskalakis D, et al. Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis: a systematic review. Rhinology. 2018;56(1):11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidder T, Sahota J, Rennie C, et al. Omalizumab treats chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma together-a real-life study. Rhinology. 2018;56(1):42–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachert C, Han JK, Desrosiers M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52): results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019;394(10209):1638–1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fokkens WJ, Bachert C, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, et al. Rhinology future debates, a EUFOREA report. Rhinology. 2017;55(4):298–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellings PW, Akdis CA, Bachert C, et al. EUFOREA rhinology research forum 2016: report of the brainstorming sessions on needs and priorities in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 2017;55(3):202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fokkens WJ, Lund V, Bachert C, et al. EUFOREA consensus on biologics for CRSwNP with or without asthma. Allergy. 2019 May 15;74:2312–2319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licari A, Marseglia G, Castagnoli R, et al. The discovery and development of omalizumab for the treatment of asthma. Exp Opin Drug Discovery. 2015;10(9):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samitas K, Delimpoura V, Zervas E, et al. Anti-IgE treatment, airway inflammation and remodelling in severe allergic asthma: current knowledge and future perspectives. Eur Respir Rev. 2015;24(138):594–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayar Muluk N, Bafaqeeh SA, Cingi C. Anti-IgE treatment in allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;127:109674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsabouri S, Tseretopoulou X, Priftis K, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of inadequately controlled allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2:332–40.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C, Wang K, Cui X, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of omalizumab in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2019;1:1945892419884774.
   Google Scholar
• Humbert M, Bousquet J, Bachert C, et al. IgE-mediated multimorbidities in allergic asthma and the potential for omalizumab therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(5):1418–1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Identifier: NCT03369704. [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03369704.
   Google Scholar
• Dantzer JA, Wood RA. The use of omalizumab in allergen immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018;48(3):232–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale TB, Busse WW, Kline JN, et al. Omalizumab pretreatment decreases acute reactions after rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:134–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klunker S, Saggar LR, Seyfert-Margolis V, et al. Combination treatment with omalizumab and rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis: inhibition of IgE-facilitated allergen binding. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:688–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp MV, Hamelmann E, Zielen S, et al. Combination of omalizumab and specific immunotherapy is superior to immunotherapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and comorbid seasonal allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:271–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto JM, Mehta N, Di Tineo M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of anti-IgE for chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 2010;48:318–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vennera M, Picado C, Mullol J, et al. Efficacy of omalizumab in the treatment of nasal polyps. Thorax. 2011;66:824–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillal P, Chan YC, Wu SY, et al. Omalizumab reduces bronchial mucosa IgE and improves lung function in non-atopic asthma. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:1593–1601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03280550.
   Google Scholar
• [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03280537.
   Google Scholar
• [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03478930.
   Google Scholar
• Takatsu K, Nakajima H. IL-5 and eosinophilia. Curr Opin Immunol. 2008;20(3):288–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoop AE, van der Heijden HA, Biewenga J, et al. Eosinophils in nasal polyps and nasal mucosa: an immunohistochemical study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;91:616–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zele T, Claeys S, Gevaert P, et al. Differentiation of chronic sinus diseases by measurement of inflammatory mediators. Allergy. 2006;61(11):1280–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevaert P, Bachert C, Holtappels G, et al. Enhanced soluble interleukin-5 receptor alpha expression in nasal polyposis. Allergy. 2003;58(5):371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevaert P, Lang-Loidolt D, Lackner A, et al. Nasal IL-5 levels determine the response to anti-IL-5 treatment in patients with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(5):1133–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevaert P, Hellman C, Lundblad L, et al. Differential expression of the interleukin 5 receptor alpha isoforms in blood and tissue eosinophils of nasal polyp patients. Allergy. 2009;64(5):725–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee M, Sehmi R, Nair P. Anti-IL5 therapy for asthma and beyond. World Allergy Organ J. 2014;7:32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03085797.
   Google Scholar
• Ghazi A. Benralizumab - a humanized MAb to IL-5Ra with enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity - a novel approach for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011;12:113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsurumaki H, Matsuyama T, Ezawa K, et al. Rapid effect of Benralizumab for hypereosinophilia in a case of severe asthma with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Medicine (Kaunas). 2019;3:55.
   Google Scholar
• [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03401229.
   Google Scholar
• [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04157335.
   Google Scholar
• Kim H, Ellis AK, Fischer D, et al. Asthma biomarkers in the age of biologics. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2017;13:48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyerich S, Metz M, Bossios A, et al. New biological treatments for asthma and skin allergies. Allergy. 2019 Aug 23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein SF, Katial R, Jayawardena S, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in perennial allergic rhinitis and comorbid asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142:171–177.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [cited 2020 Jan 20]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03558997
   Google Scholar
• Jonstam K, Swanson BN, Mannent LP, et al. Dupilumab reduces local type 2 pro-inflammatory biomarkers in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Allergy. 2019;74(4):743–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciprandi G, Tosca MA, Silvestri M, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers for asthma endotyping and consequent personalized therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13:715–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis AK, Tenn MW. Advances in rhinitis: models and mechanisms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018;121:61–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciprandi G, Varricchio A, Tajana G, et al. Peripheral eosinophils correlate with nasal eosinophils in patients with rhinitis. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol. 2018;28:428–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciprandi G, Silvestri M. Standardization of the nasal cytology in the work-up of allergic rhinitis. Ann All Asthma Immunol. 2019;123:213–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciardolo F, Sorbello V, Ciprandi G. FeNO as biomarker for asthma phenotyping and management. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2015;36:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelardi M, Abbatista G, Quaranta VN, et al. Standardization procedure for the nasal nitric oxide measurement method using Niox MINO® and the tidal-breathing technique with velum-closure. J Biol Res. 2016;30:853–858.
   Google Scholar