The effect of drugs used in rheumatology for treating SARS-CoV2 infection

References

• Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020;109:02433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):105924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Wang X. Prevalence, nosocomial infection and psychological prevention of novel coronavirus infection. Chin Gen Pract Nurs. 2020;18:2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Sasmita PA, Sha M, Yu-Ju W, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9:29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarzi-Puttini P, Marotto D, Antivalle M, et al. How to handle patients with autoimmune rheumatic and inflammatory bowel diseases in the COVID-19 era: an expert opinion. Autoimmun Rev. 2020 May 5;19:102574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh K, Hirsch MS, Bloom A, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),Up ToDate2020.
   Google Scholar
• Fei Z, Ting Y, Ronghui D, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, et al. Single-cell RNA expression pro- filing of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov. Biorxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGonagle D, Sharif K, O’Regan A, et al. The role of cytokines including Interleukin-6 use in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv. 2020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang M. Cell pyroptosis, a potential pathogenic mechanism of 2019-nCoV infection, SSRN. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Wei Q, Lin Q, et al. Anti-spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection. JCI Insight. 2019;4(4):e123158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiris JS, Chu CM, Cheng VC, et al. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet. 2020;361(9371):1767–1772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Cheng Y, Wu Y. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory responses: from mechanisms to potential therapeutic tools. Virol Sin. 2020;35:266–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mescher M, Curtsinger J, Agarwal P, et al. Signals required for programming effector and memory development by CD8+ T cells. Immunol Rev. 2006;211(1):81–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Yamane H, Paul WE. Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations. Annu Rev Immunol. 2010;28:445–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L, Ding Y, Zhang Q, et al. Expression of elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in SARS COV infected ACE 2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS. J Pathol. 2006;210(3):288–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks DG, Trifilo MJ, Edelmann KH, et al. Interleukin-10 determines viral clearance or persistence in vivo. Nature Med. 2006;12(11):1301–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan W, NI Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–1720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao Y, Wang X, Huang M, et al. Regulation of the p38 mitogen- activated protein kinase and dual-specificity phosphatase 1 feedback loop modulates the induction of interleukin 6 and 8 in cells infected with coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Virology. 2011;420(2):106–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Fu B, Zheng X, et al. Aberrant pathogenic GM-CSF+ T cells and inflammatory CD14+ CD16+ monocytes in severe pulmonary syndrome patients of a new coronavirus. BioRxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Conti P, Gallenga C, Tetè G, et al. How to reduce the likelihood of coronavirus-19 (CoV-19 or SARS-CoV-2) infection and lung inflammation mediated by IL-1. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34(2).Conti P, Gallenga C, Tetè G, et al. How to reduce the likelihood of coronavirus-19 (CoV-19 or SARS-CoV-2) infection and lung inflammation mediated by IL-1. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34(2).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen IY, Moriyama M, Chang MF, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus viroporin 3a activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farag NS, Breitinger U, Breitinger HG, et al. Viroporins and inflammasomes: a key to understand virus-induced inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2020;122:105738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichinohe T, Pang I, Iwasaki A. Influenza virus activates inflammasomes via its intracellular M2 ion channel. Nat Immunol. 2010;11:404–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu D, Yang XO. TH17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: an emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53:368–370.
   Google Scholar
• Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, et al. Features, evaluation and treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. 2020;6.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert D, Yarski M, Warner F, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS- CoV) receptor. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(34):30113–30119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzeni F, Nucera V, Gerratana E, et al. Concerns about the safety of anti-TNF agents when treating rheumatic diseases [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 13]. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020;1‐11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira R, Lago P, Faria R, et al. Safety of anti-TNF therapies in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: focus on infections and malignancy. Drug Dev Res. 2015;76(8):419‐427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souto A, Maneiro JR, Salgado E, et al. Risk of tuberculosis in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with biologics and tofacitinib: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and long-term extension studies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53:1872–1885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Che H, Lukas C, Morel J. Risk of herpes/herpes zoster during anti-tumor necrosisfactor therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81:215–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzeni F, Benucci M, Sallì S, et al. Different effects of biological drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12(5):575–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzeni F, Talotta R, Salaffi F, et al. Immunogenicity and autoimmunity during anti-TNF therapy. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12(7):703–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzeni F, Talotta R, Masala IF, et al. Central nervous system involvement in rheumatoid arthritis patients and the potential implications of using biological agents. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32(4):500–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-Adely S, et al. Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 29]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;217871.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti M, Facheris P, Pavia G, et al. Non-complicated evolution of COVID-19 infection in a patient with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis during treatment with adalimumab [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 30]. Dermatol Ther. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tursi A, Angarano G, Monno L, et al. COVID-19 infection in Crohn’s disease under treatment with adalimumab. Gut. 2020;69(7):1364‐1365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakoory B, Carcillo J, Chatham W, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor blockade is associated with reduced mortality in sepsis patients with features of macrophage activation syndrome: reanalysis of a prior phase III trial. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(22):275–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallurupalli M, Berliner N. Emapalumab for the treatment of relapsed/refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood. 2019;134(21):1783–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uciechowski P, Dempke W. Interleukin-6: a masterplayer in the cytokine network. Oncology. 2020;98(3):131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIFA- Agenzia italiana del farmaco. [Online]. 2020. Available from: https://www.aifa.gov.it/emergenza-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Kacar M, Savic S, Van der Hilst J. The efficacy, safety and tolerability of canakinumab in the treatment of familial mediterranean fever: a systematic review of the literature. J Inflamm Res. 2020;9:141–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalli G, De Luca G, Campochiaro C, et al. Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(6):325–331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emmi G, Talarico R, Lopalco G, et al. Efficacy and safety profile of anti-interleukin-1 treatment in Behçet’s disease: a multicenter retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35:1281–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulffraat NM. A safety evaluation of canakinumab for the treatment of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:1961–1967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullenberg T, Löfqvist M, Leinonen M, et al. Long-term safety profile of anakinra in patients with severe cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:1499–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sota J, Vitale A, Insalaco A, et al. Safety profile of the interleukin-1 inhibitors anakinra and canakinumab in real-life clinical practice: a nationwide multicenter retrospective observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(8):2233‐2240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontali E, Volpi S, Antonucci G, et al. Safety and efficacy of early high-dose IV anakinra in severe COVID-19 lung disease [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 11]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;S0091-6749(20)30634–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L, Lu L, Cao W, et al. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):727–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, He J, Puyi L, et al. The definition and risks of cytokine release syndrome-like in 11 COVID-19-infected pneumonia critically ill patients: disease characteristics and retrospective analysis. Medrxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Xu X, Han M, Li T, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. ChinaXiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• NHC: interpretation of new Coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment scheme (Trial Version 7). 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Sorrell FJ, Szklarz M, Abdul Azeez KR, et al. Family-wide structural analysis of human numb-associated protein kinases. Structure. 2016;24(3):401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIMIT: vademecum per la cura delle persone con malattia da COVID-19. Versione 3 2020 Marzo 25. [Online].
   Google Scholar
• Schiff MH, Kremer JM, Jahreis A, et al. Integrated safety in tocilizumab clinical trials. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(5):R141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, et al. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2287–2293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smitten AL, Choi HK, Hochberg MC, et al. The risk of hospitalized infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:387–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koetz K, Bryl E, Spickschen K, et al. Weyand CM: T cell homeostasis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:9203–9208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frigault MJ, Nikiforow S, Mansour M, et al. Tocilizumab not associated with increased infection risk after CAR T - Implications for COVID-19? [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 26]. Blood. 2020;blood.2020006216.
   Google Scholar
• Cellular Immunotherapy Data Resource (CIDR). [ cited 2018 Mar 28]. Available from: https://www.cibmtr.org/About/WhatWeDo/CIDR/Pages/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Morena V, Milazzo L, Oreni L, et al. Off-label use of tocilizumab for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Milan, Italy. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:36‐42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antinori S, Bonazzetti C, Gubertini G, et al. Tocilizumab for cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 pneumonia: an increased risk for candidemia? Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorrell FJ, Szklarz M, Abdul Azeez KR, et al. Family-wide structural analysis of human numb-associated protein kinases. Structure. 2016;24(3):401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesa RA. Ruxolitinib, a selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and psoriasis. IDrugs. 2010;13(6):394–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamilloux Y, Jammal T, Vuitton L, et al. JAK inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(11). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102390.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson F, Gray N. Kinase inhibitors: the road ahead. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018;17(17):357–377.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez G, Reinhardt A, Ramsey S, et al. JAK1/2 inhibition with baricitinib in the treatment of autoinflammatory interferonopathies. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(7):3041–3052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson P, Griffin I, Tucker C, et al. Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease. Lancet. 2020;395:30–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stebbing J, Phelan A, Griffin I, et al. COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:400–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stebbing J, Krishnan V, de Bono S, et al. Sacco baricitinib study group. Mechanism of baricitinib supports artificial intelligence-predicted testing in COVID-19 patients. EMBO Mol Med. 2020;e12697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantini F, Niccoli L, Nannini C, et al. Beneficial impact of Baricitinib in COVID-19 moderate pneumonia; multicentre study. J Infect. 2020;S0163-4453(20)304333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borden E, Sen G, Uze G, et al. Interferons at age 50: past, current and future impact on biomedicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6(12):975–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoggins J, Wilson S, Panis M, et al. Corrigendum: a diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response. Nature. 2015;525:(144)144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favalli E, Ingegnoli F, De Lucia O, et al. COVID-19 infection and rheumatoid arthritis: faraway, so close! Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(5):102523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favalli EG, Biggioggero M, Maioli G, et al. Baricitinib for COVID-19: a suitable treatment? Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;S1473-3099(20)30262–0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaplin S. Baricitinib: a new oral treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Prescriber. 2017;28(6):44–46.
   Google Scholar
• Praveen D, Puvvada Ranadheer C, Vijey Aanandhi M. Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib is not an ideal option for management of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;4:105967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese M, Smolen J, Takeuchi T et al. Safety profile of baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis up to 5.5 years: an updated integrated safety analysis. Presented at the ACR/ARHP Annual Scientific Meeting; 2017 Nov 4–8; San Diego (CA). Poster 511.
   Google Scholar
• Weinblatt M, Taylor P, Burmester G et al. Cardiovascular safety during treatment with baricitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Presented at the ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting; 2017 Nov 3–8; San Diego (California). Poster 2352.
   Google Scholar
• Scott I, Hider S, Scott D. Thromboembolism with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis: how real is the risk? Drug Saf. 2018;41:645–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olumiant 2 mg and 4 mg film-coated tablets. SPC. [ cited 2018 Apr 11]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/004085/WC500223723.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kremer J, Chen L, Saifan C et al. Analysis of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets in pooled phase 2 and phase 3 studies of baricitinib for rheumatoid arthritis. Presented at European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR); 2017 June 14–17; Madrid (Spain). poster 1325.
   Google Scholar
• Kay J, Harigai M, Rancourt J et al. Effects of baricitinib on haemoglobin and related laboratory parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Presented at European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR); 2017 June 14–17; Madrid (Spain).
   Google Scholar
• Smolen J, Genovese M, Takeuchi T, et al. Safety profile of baricitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with over 2 years median time in treatment: an integrated analysis of clinical data. J Rheumatol. 2019;46:7–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer J, Genovese M, Keystone E, et al. Effects of baricitinib on lipid, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein particle profiles in a phase 2b study in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:943–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcinnes I, Kremer J, Emery P, et al. Lipid profile and effect of statin treatment in pooled phase 2 and phase 3 baricitinib studies. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(Suppl. 10):Abstr. 3023.
   Google Scholar
• Choy EHS, Miceli-Richard C, González-Gay MA, et al. The effect of JAK1/JAK2 inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis: efficacy and safety of baricitinib. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37(4):694‐704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantini F, Niccoli L, Matarrese D, et al. Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 23]. J Infect. 2020;S0163-4453(20)30228–0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar