Demographic determinants of public service motivation: a meta-analysis of PSM-age and -gender relationships

References

• Andersen, L., and A. Kjeldsen. 2013. “Public Service Motivation, User Orientation, and Job Satisfaction: A Question of Employment Sector?” International Public Management Journal 16 (2): 252–274. doi:10.1080/10967494.2013.817253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. 2015. “A Job Demands-Resource Approach to Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration Review 75 (5): 723–732. doi:10.1111/puar.12388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A., and E. Demerouti. 2007. “The Job Demands-Resources Model: State of the Art.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 22 (3): 309–328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115.
   Google Scholar
• Baruch, Y., S. Sayce, and A. Gregoriou. 2014. “Retirement in A Global Labour Market: A Call for Abolishing the Fixed Retirement Age.” Personnel Review 43 (3): 464–482. doi:10.1108/PR-04-2013-0059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beng-Cheng, L., H. Wei, and Y.-C. Cheng. 2015. “From the West to the East: Validating Servant Leadership in the Chinese Public Sector.” Public Personnel Management 44 (1): 25–45. doi:10.1177/0091026014555995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beng-Cheng, L., and T. Tang. 2011. “Does the Love of Money Moderate the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Job Satisfaction? The Case of Chinese Professionals in the Public Sector.” Public Administration Review 71 (5): 718–727. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02411.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beng-Cheng, L., N. Tang, and X. Zhu. 2008. “Public Service Motivation and Job Satisfaction in China: An Investigation of Generalisability and Instrumentality.” International Journal of Manpower 2 (8): 684–699.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, E., D.-Y. Chen, C.-Y. Jan, and T.-Y. Huang. 2013. “Public Agency Leadership: The Impact of Informal Understandings with Political Appointees on Perceived Agency Innovation in Taiwan.” Public Administration 91 (2): 303–324. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01979.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright, L. 2005. “Public Employees with High Levels of Public Service Motivation: Who are They, Where are They and What Do They Want?” Review of Public Personnel Administration 25 (2): 138–154. doi:10.1177/0734371X04272360.
   Google Scholar
• Bright, L. 2009. “Why Do Public Employees Desire Intrinsic Nonmonetary Opportunities?” Public Personnel Management 38 (3): 15–37. doi: 10.1177/009102600903800302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock, J., J. Stritch, and H. Rainey. 2015. “International Comparison of Public and Private Employees’ Work Motives, Attitudes, and Perceived Rewards.” Public Administration Review 75 (3): 479–489. doi:10.1111/puar.12356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussey, K., and A. Bandura. 1999. “Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Development and Differentiation.” Psychological Review 106 (4): 676–713. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillier, J. 2016. “Does Public Service Motivation Mediate the Relationship between Goal Clarity and Both Organizational Commitment and Extra-Role Behaviors?” Public Management Review 18 (2): 300–318. doi:10.1080/14719037.2014.984625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camilleri, E. 2006. “Towards Developing an Organisational Commitment – Public Service Motivation Model for the Maltese Public Service Employees.” Public Policy and Administration 21 (1): 63–83. doi:10.1177/095207670602100105.
   Google Scholar
• Camilleri, E. 2007. “Antecedents Affecting Public Service Motivation.” Personnel Review 36 (3): 356–377. doi:10.1108/00483480710731329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, R., L. Paarlberg, and J. Perry. 2017. “Public Service Motivation Research: Lessons for Practice.” Public Administration Review 77 (4): 529–542. doi:10.1111/puar.12796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. 1992. “A Power Primer.” Psychological Bulletin 112 (1): 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, L. D., and B. J. Becker. 2003. “How Meta-Analysis Increases Statistical Power.” Psychological Methods 8 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colley, L. 2013. “Understanding Ageing Public Sector Workforces: Demographic Challenge or a Consequence of Public Employment Policy Design?” Public Management Review 16 (7): 1030–1052. doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.771697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, R. 2006. “The Experience of Gender Change in Public Sector Organizations.” Gender, Work, and Organization 13 (5): 435–452. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00316.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortina, J. M., T. Koehler, K. R. Keeler, and B. B. Nielsen. 2018. “Restricted Variance Interaction Effects: What They are and Why They are Your Friends.” Journal of Management. doi:10.1177/0149206318770735.
   Google Scholar
• Cuddy, A., E. Wolf, P. Glick, S. Crotty, J. Chong, and M. Norton. 2015. “Men as Cultural Ideals: Cultural Values Moderate Gender Stereotype Content.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 109 (4): 622–635. doi:10.1037/pspi0000027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, D., H. Aguinis, C. Dalton, F. Bosco, and C. Pierce. 2012. “Revisiting the File Drawer Problem in Meta-Analysis: An Assessment of Published and Nonpublished Correlation Matrices.” Personnel Psychology 65 (2): 221–249. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2012.01243.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeHart-Davis, L., J. Marlowe, and S. Pandey. 2006. “Gender Dimensions of Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration Review 66 (6): 873–887. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00655.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. 1963. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrera, M. 1996. “The ‘Southern Model’ of Welfare in Social Europe.” Journal of European Social Policy 6 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1177/095892879600600102.
   Google Scholar
• Giauque, D., A. Ritz, F. Frederic Varone, and S. Anderfuhren-Biget. 2012. “Resigned but Satisfied: The Negative Impact of Public Service Motivation and Red Tape on Work Satisfaction.” Public Administration 90 (1): 175–193. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01953.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harari, M., D. Herst, H. Parola, and B. Carmona. 2017. “Organizational Correlates of Public Service Motivation: A Meta-Analysis of Two Decades of Empirical Research.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 27 (1): 68–84. doi:10.1093/jopart/muw056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hough, L., F. Oswald, and R. Ployhart. 2001. “Determinants, Detection and Amelioration of Adverse Impact in Personnel Selection Procedures: Issues, Evidence, and Lessons Learned.” International Journal of Selection and Assessment 9 (1–2): 152–194. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, R., P. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. Dorfman, and V. Gupta. 2004. Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, C., K. Yang, and K. Fu. 2012. “Motivational Bases and Emotional Labor: Assessing The Impact of Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration Review 72 (2): 241–251. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02499.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, J. E., and F. L. Schmidt. 1990. “Dichotomization of Continuous Variables: The Implications for Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 75 (3): 334–349. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.3.334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, U., and C. Vestergaard. 2017. “Public Service Motivation and Public Service Behaviors: Testing the Moderating Effect of Tenure.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 27 (1): 52–67. doi:10.1093/jopart/muw045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kepes, S., G. Banks, M. McDaniel, and D. Whetzel. 2012. “Publication Bias in the Organizational Sciences.” Organizational Research Methods 15 (4): 624–662. doi:10.1177/1094428112452760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., W. Vandenabeele, B. Wright, L. Anderson, F. Cerase, R. Christensen, C. Desmarais, et al. 2013. “Investigating the Structure and Meaning of Public Service Motivation across Populations: Developing an International Instrument and Addressing Issues of Measurement Invariance.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 23 (1): 79–102. doi:10.1093/jopart/muw045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. H. 2015. “More Public Oriented or More Private Oriented? Quasi-government Employees’ Public Service Motivation by Organizational Factors.” (Publication No. 3706630). PhD diss., University of Texas at Dallas. Ann Arbor: ProQuest/UMI.
   Google Scholar
• Mastracci, S., and L. Bowman. 2015. “Public Agencies, Gendered Organizations.” Public Management Review 17 (6): 857–875. doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.867067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. 2001. “Generativity in Midlife.” In Handbook on Midlife Development, edited by M. Lachman, 395–443. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. 1940. “Bureaucratic Structure and Personality.” Social Forces 18 (4): 560–580. doi:10.2307/2570634.
   Google Scholar
• Midlarsky, E., and M. Hannah. 1989. “The Generous Elderly: Naturalistic Studies of Donations across the Life Span.” Psychology and Aging 4 (3): 346–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosier, C. 1943. “On the Reliability of a Weighted Composite.” Psychometrika 8 (3): 161–168. doi:10.1007/BF02288700.
   Google Scholar
• Moynihan, D., and S. Pandey. 2007. “The Role of Organizations in Fostering Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration Review 67 (1): 40–53. doi:10.1007/BF02288700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, E., C. W. Gossett, and R. Winter. 2016. “Millennials and Public Service Renewal: Introduction on Millennials and Public Service Motivation (PSM).” Public Administration Quarterly 40 (3): 412–428.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, V. L. 2015. “Personal Attributes and Institutions: Gender and the Behavior or Public Employees. Why Gender Matters to Not Only ‘Gendered Policy Areas’.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 254: 1005–1029. doi:10.1093/jopart/muu019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, S., and E. Stazyk. 2008. “Antecedents and Correlates of Public Service Motivation.” In Motivation in Public Management: The Call of Public Service, edited by J. Perry and A. Hondeghem, 101–117. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, B. R., and S. Gelgec. 2017. “Exploring the Structure and Meaning of Public Service Motivation in the Turkish Public Sector: A Test of the Mediating Effects of Job Characteristics.” Public Management Review 19 (8): 1066–1084. doi:10.1080/14719037.2016.1235723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J. 1986. “Merit Pay in the Public Sector: The Case for a Failure of Theory.” Review of Public Personnel Administration 7 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1177/0734371X8600700105.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J. 1996. “Public Service Motivation: An Assessment of Construct Reliability and Validity.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 6 (1): 5–22. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J. 1997. “Antecedents of Public Service Motivation.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 7 (2): 181–197. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024345.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J. 2000. “Bringing Society In: Towards a Theory of Public-Service Motivation.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10 (2): 471–488. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024277.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J. 2014. “The Motivational Bases of Public Service: Foundations for a Third Wave of Research.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 36 (1): 34–47. doi:10.1080/23276665.2014.892272.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J., A. Hondeghem, and L. Wise. 2010. “Revisiting the Motivational Bases of Public Service: Twenty Years of Research and an Agenda for the Future.” Public Administration Review 70 (5): 681–690. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02196.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J., J. Brudney, D. Coursey, and L. Littlepage. 2008. “What Drives Morally Committed Citizens? A Study of the Antecedents of Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration Review 68 (3): 445–458. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00881.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J., and L. Porter. 1982. “Factors Affecting the Context for Motivation in Public Organizations.” Academy of Management Review 7 (1): 89–98. doi:10.5465/AMR.1982.4285475.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J., and L. Wise. 1990. “The Motivational Bases of Public Service.” Public Administration Review 50 (3): 367–373. doi:10.2307/976618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinder, C. C. 2014. Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Ployhart, R., and B. Holtz. 2008. “The Diversity-Validity Dilemma: Strategies for Reducing Racioethnic and Sex Subgroup Differences and Adverse Impact in Selection.” Personnel Psychology 61 (1): 153–172. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00109.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey, H. 1982. “Reward Preferences among Public and Private Managers: In Search of the Service Ethic.” The American Review of Public Administration 16 (4): 288–302. doi:10.1177/027507408201600402.
   Google Scholar
• Rainey, H. 1983. “Public Agencies and Private Firms: Incentive Structures, Goals, and Individual Roles.” Administration and Society 15 (2): 207–242. doi: 10.1177/009539978301500203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccucci, N. 2017. “Antecedents of Public Service Motivation: The Role of Gender.” Perspectives on Public Management and Governance 1–12. doi:10.1093/ppmgov/gvx010.
   Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C. 2001. “Gender, Status, and Leadership.” Journal of Social Issues 57 (4): 637–655. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringquist, E. 2013. Meta-Analysis for Public Management and Policy. San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Ritz, A., G. Brewer, and O. Neumann. 2016. “Public Service Motivation: A Systematic Literature Review and Outlook.” Public Administration Review 76 (3): 414–426. doi:10.1111/puar.12505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, F. 2017. “Statistical and Measurement Pitfalls in the Use of Meta-Regression in Meta-Analysis.” Career Development International 22 (5): 469–476. doi:10.1108/CDI-08-2017-0136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, F., and J. Hunter. 2014. Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. 2007. “The Impact of Public Service Motives on Work Outcomes in Australia: A Comparative Multi-Dimensional Analysis.” Public Administration 85 (4): 931–959. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00686.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J., and J. Westover. 2011. “Job Satisfaction in the Public Service: The Effects of Public Service Motivation, Workplace Attributes and Work Relations.” Public Management Review 13 (5): 731–751. doi:10.1080/14719037.2010.532959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandis, H. 1995. Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, L. T. 2018. “Behind the Influence of Job Crafting on Citizen Value Co-Creation with the Public Organization: Joint Effects of Paternalistic Leadership and Public Service Motivation.” Public Management Review 20 (10): 1533–1561. doi:10.1080/14719037.2018.1430247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Wal, Z. 2015. “All Quiet on the non-Western Front? A Review of the Public Service Motivation Scholarship in non-Western Contexts.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 37 (2): 69–86. doi:10.1080/23276665.2015.1041223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenabeele, W. 2007. “Toward a Public Administration Theory of Public Service Motivation.” Public Management Review 9 (4): 545–556. doi:10.1080/14719030701726697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenabeele, W. 2008. “Government Calling: Public Service Motivation as an Element in Selecting Government as an Employer of Choice.” Public Administration 86 (4): 1089–1105. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.00728.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenabeele, W., and V. D. W. Steven. 2008. “International Differences in Public Service Motivation: Comparing Regions across the World.” In Motivation in Public Management: The Call of Public Service, edited by J. Perry and A. Hondeghem, 223–244. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenabeele, W. 2009. “The Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Self-Reported Performance: More Robust Evidence of the PSM-performance Relationship.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 75 (1): 11–34. doi:10.1177/0020852308099504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenabeele, W., G. Brewer, and A. Ritz. 2014. “Past, Present, and Future of Public Service Motivation.” Public Administration 92 (4): 779–789. doi:10.1111/padm.12136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., and L. Viney. 1996. “A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Eriksonian Psychosocial Development: Chinese and Australian Children.” School Psychology International 17 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1177/0143034396171003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, W., and A. Eagly. 2010. “Gender.” In The Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, and G. Lindzey, 629–667. 5th ed. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, B., and R. Christensen. 2010. “Public Service Motivation: A Test of the Job Attraction-Selection-Attrition Model.” International Public Management Journal 13 (2): 155–176. doi:10.1080/10967491003752012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar