Gaming the system: building an online management game to spread and gather insights into the dynamics of performance management systemsFootnote^*

* This article is accompanied by a free online performance management game which lecturers can use in their classes to introduce students and practitioners to the challenges of performance management. Email [email protected] to receive the free login details and Teaching Manual.

References

• Angiola, N., and P. Bianchi. 2015. “Public Managers’ Skills Development for Effective Performance Management: Empirical Evidence from Italian Local Governments.” Public Management Review 17 (4): 517–542. doi:10.1080/14719037.2013.798029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevan, G., and C. Hood. 2006. “What’s Measured Is What Matters: Targets and Gaming in the English Public Health Care System.” Public Administration 84 (3): 517–538. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2006.00600.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouckaert, G., and J. Halligan. 2006. “Performance and Performance Management.” In Handbook of Public Policy, edited by G. Peters and J. Pierre, 443–459. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Calciolari, S., A. Prenestini, and F. Lega. 2018. “An Organizational Culture for All Seasons? How Cultural Type Dominance and Strength Influence Different Performance Goals.” Public Management Review 20 (9): 1400–1422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvillo-Gámez, E., J. Gow, and P. Cairns 2011. “Introduction to Special Issue: Video Games as Research Instruments.” Entertainment Computing 2 (1): 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly, T. M., E. A. Boyle, E. MacArthur, T. Hainey, and J. M. Boyle. 2012. “A Systematic Literature Review of Empirical Evidence on Computer Games and Serious Games.” Computers & Education 59 (2): 661–686. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, S., F. Khatib, A. Treuille, J. Barbero, J. Lee, M. Beenen, A Leaver-Fay, D Baker, Z. Popović. 2010. “Predicting Protein Structures with a Multiplayer Online Game.” Nature 466 (7307): 756. doi:10.1038/nature09172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crookall, D. 2010. “Serious Games, Debriefing, and Simulation/Gaming as a Discipline.” Simulation & Gaming 41 (6): 898–920. doi:10.1177/1046878110390784.
   Google Scholar
• De Smale, S., T. Overmans, J. Jeuring, and L. van de Grint 2015. “The Effect of Simulations and Games on Learning Objectives in Tertiary Education: A Systematic Review.” In International Conference on Games and Learning Alliance, 506–516. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, K., and T. Nabatchi. 2015. Collaborative Governance Regimes. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerrish, E. 2016. “The Impact of Performance Management on Performance in Public Organizations: A Meta-Analysis.” Public Administration Review 76 (1): 48–66. doi:10.1111/puar.12433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood, C. 2012. “Public Management by Numbers as a Performance‐Enhancing Drug: Two Hypotheses.” Public Administration Review 72 (s1): S85-S92. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02634.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerpershoek, E., M. Groenleer, and H. de Bruijn. 2016. “Unintended Responses to Performance Management in Dutch Hospital Care: Bringing Together the Managerial and Professional Perspectives.” Public Management Review 18 (3): 417–436. doi:10.1080/14719037.2014.985248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusurkar, R. A., G. Croiset, and O. T. J. Ten Cate. 2011. “Twelve Tips to Stimulate Intrinsic Motivation in Students through Autonomy-Supportive Classroom Teaching Derived from Self-Determination Theory.” Medical Teacher 33 (12): 978–982. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2011.599896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird, J. E. 2002. “Research in Human-Level AI Using Computer Games.” Communications of the ACM 45 (1): 32–35. doi:10.1145/502269.502290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski, M. 2018. “Public Managers’ Perception of Performance Information: The Evidence from Polish Local Governments.” Public Management Review. doi:10.1080/14719037.2018.1538425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, I., G. Bekebrede, C. Harteveld, H. Warmelink, Q. Zhou, T. van Ruijven, I. Wenzler, R. Kortmann, and I. Wenzler. 2014. “The Research and Evaluation of Serious Games: Toward a Comprehensive Methodology.” British Journal of Educational Technology 45 (3): 502–527. doi:10.1111/bjet.2014.45.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, K., S. C. Andersen, L. J. O’Toole Jr, N. Favero, and S. C. Winter. 2015. “Taking Managerial Context Seriously: Public Management and Performance in US and Denmark Schools.” International Public Management Journal 18 (1): 130–150. doi:10.1080/10967494.2014.972485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen, M. F. 2018. “Do Managers Face a Performance Trade-Off? Correlations between Production and Process Performance.” International Public Management Journal: 21 (1): 53–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. 2013. Recognizing Public Value. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moynihan, D. P., and A. Kroll. 2016. “Performance Management Routines that Work? an Early Assessment of the GPRA Modernization Act.” Public Administration Review 76 (2): 314–323. doi:10.1111/puar.12434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanasamy, W., K. K. Wong, C. C. Fung, and S. Rai. 2006. “Distinguishing Games and Simulation Games from Simulators.” Computer Entertainment 4 (2): 9. doi:10.1145/1129006.
   Google Scholar
• Nõmm, K., and T. Randma-Liiv. 2012. “Performance Measurement and Performance Information in New Democracies: A Study of the Estonian Central Government.” Public Management Review 14 (7): 859–879. doi:10.1080/14719037.2012.657835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noordegraaf, M. 2015. Public Management: Performance, Professionalism and Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Overmans, T., W. Bakker, Y. van Zeeland, G. van der Ree, J. Jeuring, M. van Mil, and W. Dictus 2017. The Value of Simulations and Games for Tertiary Education. https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/327311/2015_017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Palmunen, L.-M., E. Pelto, A. Paalumäki, and T. Lainema. 2013. “Formation of Novice Business Students’ Mental Models through Simulation Gaming.” Simulation & Gaming 44 (6): 846–868. doi:10.1177/1046878113513532.
   Google Scholar
• Pollitt, C. 2018. “Performance Management 40 Years On: A Review. Some Key Decisions and Consequences.” Public Money & Management 38 (3): 167–174. doi:10.1080/09540962.2017.1407129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelcher, C., and S. R. Smith. 2015. “Theorizing Hybridity: Institutional Logics, Complex Organizations, and Actor Identities: The Case of Nonprofits.” Public Administration 93 (2): 433–448. doi:10.1111/padm.12105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. P., and D. Trenholme. 2009. “Rapid Prototyping a Virtual Fire Drill Environment Using Computer Game Technology.” Fire Safety Journal 44 (4): 559–569. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speklé, R. F., and F. H. Verbeeten. 2014. “The Use of Performance Measurement Systems in the Public Sector: Effects on Performance.” Management Accounting Research 25 (2): 131–146. doi:10.1016/j.mar.2013.07.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot, C. 2008. “Performance Regimes—The Institutional Context of Performance Policies.” International Journal of Public Administration 31 (14): 1569–1591. doi:10.1080/0190069080219943.
   Google Scholar
• Ten Cate, O., L. Snell, K. Mann, and J. Vermunt. 2004. “Orienting Teaching toward the Learning Process.” Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 79 (3): 219–228. doi:10.1097/00001888-200403000-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torenvlied, R., A. Akkerman, K. J. Meier, and L. J. O’Toole. 2013. “The Multiple Dimensions of Managerial Networking.” The American Review of Public Administration 43 (3): 251–272. doi:10.1177/0275074012440497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umarov, I., and M. Mozgovoy. 2012. “Believable and Effective AI Agents in Virtual Worlds: Current State and Future Perspectives.” International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 4 (2): 37–59. doi:10.4018/IJGCMS.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dooren, W., G. Bouckaert, and J. Halligan. 2015. Performance Management in the Public Sector. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vasiliou, C., and P. Cairns 2011. Evaluating Human Error through Video Games.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoest, K., and J. Wynen. 2016. “Why Do Autonomous Public Agencies Use Performance Management Techniques? Revisiting the Role of Basic Organizational Characteristics.” International Public Management Journal 21 (4): 619–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar