Ethical leadership and program to reduce unethical behaviour among public employees

References

• Bandura, A. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R.M., and D. A. Kenny. 1986. “The Moderator–mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (6): 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennis, W., and B. Nannus. 1985. Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, M. E., and L. K. Treviño. 2006. “Ethical Leadership: A Review and Future Directions.” The Leadership Quarterly 17 (6): 595–616. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M. E., L. K. Treviño, and D. Harrison. 2005. “Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 97 (2): 117–134. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, M. M. 2003. “Corporate Ethics Programs Make a Difference, but Not the Only Difference.” HR Magazine 48 (7): 36.
   Google Scholar
• de Graaf, G., L. Huberts, and T. Struwer. 2018. “Integrity Violations and Corruption in Western Public Governance: Empirical Evidence and Reflection from the Netherlands.” Public Integrity 20 (2): 131–149. doi:10.1080/10999922.2017.1350796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Hoogh, A. H. B., and D. N. Den Hartog. 2008. “Ethical and Despotic Leadership, Relationships with Leader’s Social Responsibility, Top Management Team Effectiveness and Subordinates’ Optimism: A Multi-method Study.” The Leadership Quarterly 19 (3): 297–311. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulk, J., C. W. Steinfield, J. Schmitz, and J. G. Power. 1987. “A Social Information Processing Model of Media Use in Organizations.” Communication Research 14 (5): 529–552. doi:10.1177/009365087014005005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, J. 2002. “Who Stole the Money, and When? Individual and Situational Determinants of Employee Theft.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 89 (1): 985–1003. doi:10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00039-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. 2009. “Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium.” Communication Monographs 76 (4): 408–420. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heres, L., and K. Lasthuizen. 2012. “What’s the Difference? Ethical Leadership in Public, Hybrid and Private Sector Organizations.” Journal of Change Management 12 (4): 441–466. doi:10.1080/14697017.2012.728768.
   Google Scholar
• Huberts, L. W. J. C. 2018. “Integrity: What It Is and Why It Is Important.” Public Integrity 20 (sup1): S18–S32. doi:10.1080/10999922.2018.1477404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptein, M. 2011. “Understanding Unethical Behavior by Unraveling Ethical Culture.” Human Relations 64 (6): 843–869. doi:10.1177/0018726710390536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptein, M. 2015. “The Effectiveness of Ethics Programs: The Role of Scope, Composition, and Sequence.” Journal of Business Ethics 132 (2): 415–431. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2296-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, S. 1999. “Organizational Ethical Culture: Real or Imagined?” Journal of Business Ethics 20: 217–225. doi:10.1023/A:1006047421834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, N. 2018. An ‘Institution-first’ Conception of Public Integrity. Building Integrity Programme. https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-06/Public_Institutional_Integrity_Conceptual_Issues.pdf Accessed1 12 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Kish-Gephart, J. J., D. A. Harrison, and L. K. Treviño. 2010. “Bad Apples, Bad Cases, and Bad Barrels: Meta-analytic Evidence about Sources of Unethical Decisions at Work.” Journal of Applied Psychology 95 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1037/a0017103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. 1969. “State and Sequence: The Cognitive-development Approach to Socialization.” In Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, edited by D. Goslin, 347–480. Chicago: Rand–McNally.
   Google Scholar
• Lasthuizen, K., L. Huberts, and L. Heres. 2011. “How to Measure Integrity Violations Towards a Validated Typology of Unethical Behavior.” Public Management Review 13 (3): 383–408. doi:10.1080/14719037.2011.553267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, D. M., M. Kuenzi, R. Greenbaum, M. Bardes, and R. Salvador. 2009. “How Low Does Ethical Leadership Flow? Test of a Trickle-down Model.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 108 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, G., and A. Nijhof. 1999. “Beyond Codes of Ethics: An Integrated Framework for Stimulating Morally Responsible Behaviour in Organizations.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal 20 (3): 133–147. doi:10.1108/01437739910268406.
   Google Scholar
• Merit Systems Protection Board. 2017. Merit Principles Survey 2016 Data and Methodology. https://www.mspb.gov/foia/Data/MSPB_MPS2016_MethodologyMaterials.pdf Accessed10 12 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Mihelič, K. K., B. Lipičnik, and M. Tekavčič. 2010. “Ethical Leadership.” International Journal of Management & Information Systems 14 (5): 31–41.
   Google Scholar
• Paterson, T. A., and L. Huang. 2019. “Am I Expected to Be Ethical? A Role-definition Perspective of Ethical Leadership and Unethical Behavior.” Journal of Management 49 (7): 2837–2860. doi:10.1177/0149206318771166.
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier, K. L., and M. C. Bligh. 2006. “Rebounding from Corruption: Perceptions of Ethics Program Effectiveness in a Public Sector Organization.” Journal of Business Ethics 67: 359–374. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9027-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. MacKenzie, J-Y. Lee, and N. P. Podsakoff. 2003. “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (5): 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qing, M., M. Asif., A. Hussain., and A. Jameel. 2020. “Exploring the Impact of Ethical Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Public Sector Organizations: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment.” Review of Managerial Science 14: 1405–1432. doi:10.1007/s11846-019-00340-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., and A. S. Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Resick, C. J., M. B. Hargis, P. Shao, and S. Dust. 2013. “Ethical Leadership, Moral Equity Judgments, and Discretionary Workplace Behavior.” Human Relations 66 (7): 951–972. doi:10.1177/0018726713481633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Palomino, P., R. Martínez-Cañas, and J. Fontrodona. 2013. “Ethical Culture and Employee Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Person-organization Fit.” Journal of Business Ethics 116: 173–188. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1453-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salancik, G.R., and J. Pfeffer. 1978. “A Social Information Processing Approach to Job Attitudes and Task Design.” Administrative Science Quarterly 23: 224–253. doi:10.2307/2392563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaubroeck, J. M., S. T. Hannah, B. J. Avolio, S. W. J. Kozlowski, R. G. Lord, and L. K. Treviño. 2012. “Embedding Ethical Leadership within and across Organization Levels.” Academy of Management Journal 55 (5): 1053–1078. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein, E. H. 1985. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Sims, R. R., and J. Brinkmann. 2003. “Enron Ethics (Or: Culture Matters More than Codes).” Journal of Business Ethics 45: 243–256. doi:10.1023/A:1024194519384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, B. F. 2014. Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Thaler, J., and B. Helmig. 2016. “Do Codes of Conduct and Ethical Leadership Influence Public Employees’ Attitudes and Behaviors? An Experimental Analysis.” Public Management Review 18 (9): 1365–1399. doi:10.1080/14719037.2015.1103890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treviño, L. K., K. D. Butterfield, and D. L. McCabe. 1998. “The Ethical Context in Organizations: Influences on Employee Attitudes and Behaviors.” Business Ethics Quarterly 8 (3): 447–476. doi:10.2307/3857431.
   Google Scholar
• Treviño, L. K., and S.A. Youngblood. 1990. “Bad Apples in Bad Barrels: A Causal Analysis of Ethical Decision-making Behavior.” Journal of Applied Psychology 75 (4): 378–385. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.4.378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treviño, L. K. 1986. “Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-situation Interactionist Model.” Academy of Management Review 11 (3): 601–617. doi:10.2307/258313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigoda-Gadot, E. 2007. “Citizens’ Perceptions of Politics and Ethics in Public Administration: A Five-year National Study of Their Relationship to Satisfaction with Services, Trust in Governance, and Voice Orientations.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 (2): 285–305. doi:10.1093/jopart/muj018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadei, K. A., L. Chen, J. Frempong, and W. A. Appienti. 2021. “The Mediation Effect of Ethical Leadership and Creative Performance: A Social Information Processing Perspective.” The Journal of Creative Behavior 55 (1): 241–254. doi:10.1002/jocb.449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalesny, M. D., and J. K. Ford. 1990. “Extending the Social Information Processing Perspective: New Links to Attitudes, Behaviors, and Perceptions.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 47 (2): 205–246. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(90)90037-A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar