NOTES
- David , Mateer . 1993 . ‘The Compilation of the Gyffard partbooks’ . Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle , 26 : 19 – 43 .
- Lichfield Joint Record Office, C.A. IV (new reference: D 30/2/1/4).
- Charles , Cox J. 1886 . Catalogue of the Muniments and Manuscript Books pertaining to the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield . Collections for a History of Staffordshire , vi : 183 Ibid., VC B100; see, pt. 2
- Lichfield Joint Record Office, D 30/2/1/4, fT. 37b and 41.
- Ibid., f. 42v.
- Public Record Office (hereafter PRO) E.301/81; Chantry Certificate for the College of Saint Cross, Crediton (37 Henry VIII).
- Snell , Lawrence S. , ed. 1960 . The Chantry Certificates for Devon and the City of Exeter 64 Exeter Ibid.; see also, These pensions were enrolled at Westminister on the following 20 July; see PRO E.315/236, f. 133v.
- Harrison , H. 1969 . Surnames of the United Kingdom Baltimore The following have been consulted:,; P. Hanks and F. Hodges, A Dictionary of Surnames (Oxford, 1988); B. Cottle, The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames (London, 1978); P. H. Reaney and R. M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames (London, 1991); C. W. Bardsley, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames (London, 1901); M. J. Kaminkow ed., Genealogies in the Library of Congress, 2 vols. (Baltimore, 1972); also Supplement (1976) and Complement (1981) to the latter. Ensdale is probably a corruption of Ainsdale, from the Lancashire town of that name.
- See below.
- Westlake , H. F. 1919 . The Parish Gilds of Mediaeval England London For a general discussion of guilds, see; Susan Brigden, ‘Religion and Social Obligation in Early Sixteenth- century London’, Past & Present, 103 (1984), 67–112; J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People (Oxford, 1984), ch. 2; Gervase Rosser, ‘Communities of Parish and Guild in the Late Middle Ages’, Parish, Church and People, ed. S. J Wright (London, 1988).
- The register of the guild of St. Mary provides an unbroken record of the membership until 1547; it is in Lichfield Joint Record Office, and classified as MS D 77/1.
- Rosser , A. G. 1988 . “ ‘The Guild of St. Mary and St. John the Baptist, Lichfield: Ordinances of the Late Fourteenth Century’ ” . In Collections for a History of Staffordshire , 4th Series Vol. xiii , 19 – 26 . Staffordshire Record Society . items 14 and 16; a not altogether accurate English translation of the same ordinances dating from 1538 is printed in F. J. Furnivall ed., The Gild of St. Mary, Lichfield, being Ordinances of the Gild of St. Mary, and other Documents, Early English Text Society, extra series, cxiv (1920), 2–10.
- Landor , W. N. 1916 for 1915 . “ Staffordshire Encumbents and Parochial Records (1530–1680) ” . In Collections for a History of Staffordshire 171 London 1546 Chantry Certificate for Salop and Staffs. (PRO E.301/40, m. 11). The certificate refers to the guild as being ‘of Saynt John Baptyst’; see also
- Rosser , A. G. 1987 for 1985–6 . ‘The town and guild of Lichfield in the late Middle Ages’ . Transactions of South Staffordshire Archaeological and Historical Society , 27 : 39
- Greenslade , M. W. , ed. 1990 . A History of the County of Stafford 20 vols. , 78 Oxford xiv Lichfield, (The Victoria History of the Counties of England).
- The Register of the Guild of St. Mary, 24 Henry VII, 262.
- Ibid., 29 Henry VIII, 357.
- Ibid., 10 Henry VIII, 289. He was a Warden in 1527–8; see 316.
- Ibid., 11 Henry VIII, 293. Three years later Gilbert was made one of the Wardens; see 300.
- Ibid., 3 Edward VI, 387.
- Ibid., 19 Henry VIII, 316. The list includes William ‘Barbur’, one of the cathedral's lay vicars. Could this be the same William Barber (Barbor/Barbur/Barbour) who appears as a gentleman of the Chapel Royal from c. 1536 to 1553?
- Ibid., 21 Henry VIII, 328.
- Ibid., 29 Henry VIII, 357.
- Harrison , F. Ll. 1963 . Music in Medieval Britain, , 2nd ed. 35 London The composer's instrumental output is preserved in Lbl Add. MS 31390 and Ob Mus. Sch. D.212–6, and has been attributed to Henry Stoning on the strength of the latter source, which alone provides a Christian name. This view now looks unsafe, for if Oliver wrote the ‘Gyffard’ Magnificat, he would certainly have been capable of writing the instrumental pieces too. The Oxford source, which dates from the first or second decade of the seventeenth century, may well be mistaken in its ascriptions, and until more biographical information on Henry emerges, judgment should perhaps be suspended. Gregory Stoning, who was probably Oliver's younger brother, had a grandson called Henry who was born c.1588, but it is unlikely that he was the composer; see Greenslade, op. cit., 70, and Edward Stoning's inquisition post mortem in PRO C142/320, no. 59.
- Register of the Guild of St. Mary, 4 Henry VIII, 273.
- Emden , A. B. 1974 . A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford, A.D. 1501–1540 543 Oxford Ibid., 15 Henry VIII, 302. Gregory was a civil lawyer and notary public who had been a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; see
- Ibid., 18 Henry VIII, 311. Ten years later Gregory held the important office of Master; ibid., 28 Henry VIII, 355.
- Ibid., 19 Henry VIII, 315. It was not unusual for living members to pay a fee for the posthumous enrolment of relatives and friends, so that they too could benefit from the stream of intercession offered by the confraternity's members and clergy.
- This account of Stoning's career is largely based on Emden, op. cit., but with additional material relating to his time in Lichfield and Windsor.
- ‘Penultimo die Octobris Anno domini predicto [1546]…admissus fuit Magister Oliverus Stonyng in sacra Theologia bacc alaureus in persona domini Henrici Hilton canonici procuratoris sui ad prebendam de Sandiacre per liberam Resignatzonem m agistri Simonis Jaques ultimi canonici vacan tem.,’; Lichfield Cathedral Chapter Acts 1523–60, f. 143.
- ‘Die veneris xxvto die Maij Anno domini predicto [1548]…venerabilis pater Johannes panaden episcopus Resignavit vicariam suam in capella beate marie juxta forum Lich’…die dominica viz. xxvij° die Maij predict/decanus et capirulum predict/contulerimt eandem vicariam magistro Oliver Stonyng theologie baccallaureo qui prestitit Juramentum corporale de observando ordinacionem cautim in Residentia et de renunciando episcopi Romani potestate etc….’; ibid., f. 153. Residence was a condition of tenure imposed by the patrons, who were the dean and residentiaries of the cathedral; see Greenslade, op. cit., 138–40.
- ‘die dominica xiiijto die Maij Ann° 1553…admissus fuit dominus Radulfus Clayton ad vicariam in fore Lich’ vacan/em per Resignationem magistri Oliveri Stonyng…’; ibid., f. 159.
- Wasey , Sterry . 1935 . ‘NOTES on the Early Eton Fellows’ . Etoniana , 60 18 September : 157 – 60 . See Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson MS B 265, where he is described as ‘conjugatus’ (f. 27), and, Stoning was deprived of his Lichfield prebend in June 1554; see Chapter Acts f. 160.
- Composition Books; PRO E.334/6, f. 14.
- Dalton , J. N. 1957 . The Manuscripts of St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Windsor Windsor Castle Muniments, XV.56.78, p. 21; all references are to, Historical Monographs relating to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle no. 11.
- ‘Item paid to Mr Stenyng Chawntrye priest to ye said lady Anne for his wages due ye same tyme [at the Annunciation] Is…’; ibid., 28. He also received 50 shillings for the term ending at midsummer; ibid., 32.
- Windsor Castle Muniments XI.B.46.
- Heath , P. 1969 . The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation 13 – 15 . London Lichfield Joint Record Office, Register Blythe (B/A/l/14ii) ff. 171v, 174, 175;
- Their names appear in the two lists of choir personnel drawn up in that year; see Lichfield Joint Record Office, D 30/2/1/4, ff. 37b, 41, and the discussion of Alcock's career above.
- PRO E.36/104, f. 8.
- Record Commission . 1810–34 . Valor Ecclesiasticus 6 vols. , 365 London See, i, George Hennessy may well be right in assigning Whitbroke's appointment to the year 1531, but unfortunately he does not cite the source of his information; see Novum Repertorium Ecclesiasticum Parochiale Londinense (London 1898), 61 and note e 146.
- ‘Sexto die eiusdem mensis…. concesse runt et assignarunt magistro Willelmo Whytebroke subdecano domumque eidem deputarunt que nuper fuit magistri bennett minoris canonici’; Dean's Register 1536–60, f. 16 (Guildhall Library MS 25,630/1).
- P.C.C. 39 Dyngeley (PRO Prob 11/27).
- Not All Saints’, Stanton, Suffolk, as Hennessy suggests.
- British Library Add. MS 5813, f. 93 (modern f. 71). Bishop Bonner's Register shows that Whitbroke was also presented to the living of Great Easton, Essex, on 10 December 1557, on the death of Maurice Griffyth; Guildhall Library MS 9531/12, Part 2, f. 473.
- For further details of Whitbroke's demise, see my forthcoming article ‘Music and Musicians at St. Paul's Cathedral: 1500–1600’.
- PRO Composition Books: E.334/8, f. 97. Hennessy gives the date of Lydd's appointment as July 1565; see op. cit., 61.
- His will is in P.C.C. 9 Sheffield (PRO Prob 11/51).
- The piece is no. 8 in the ‘Gyffard’ partbooks, and belongs to the earliest layer of the collection.
- Emden, op. cit., 311.
- See Margaret Bent's article on ‘Square’ in The New Grove.
- Liber Computi 1531–2, f. 24
- Muniments of Christ Church, Oxford, Matricula Aedis Christi 1546–1635, f. 31 [callmark: D.P.i.a.l]
- Ibid., October 1553–17 December 1556 [callmark: x(l).c.3]. His name, however, also occurs in the previous week's list, though without payment.
- The evidence of the Battels Book contradicts Matricula Aedis Christi, which states that Blitheman was ‘Out June 1556, restored January 1560, in Feb. ‘64 Singingman’.
- PRO LC.2/4 (2) and LC.2/4 (3).
- Muniments of Christ Church, Subdean's Book (the ‘Black Book’), 219 [callmark: D & C i.b.2].
- Brewer , J. S. , ed. 1867 . Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic…of Henry VIII Vol. iii , 1241 London pt. 2, pp. and 1329. Starkey writes that Hake ‘…shalbe at yoe commaundment when ye shall nede more company for yor Chapell to the best of his small connynge’ (PRO SP1/28 f. 121).
- Hugh , Baillie . 1962 . ‘Some Biographical NOTES on English Church Musicians chiefly working in London’ . Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle , 2 : 38
- Treasurer's Roll: XV. 59. 3.
- Frere , W. H. 1910 . Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Period of the Reformation 3 vols. , 162 – 3 . London ii
- Dasent , J. R. , ed. 1892 . Acts of the Privy Council of England , New Series iv: 1552–1554 76 London
- Precentor's Roll: XV. 56. 78., p. 14.
- ‘Solutus Relictae Hak pro reparatis musicis instrumentis appellatis phyalls et aliis Reparationibus a se factis’; ibid
- Ibid.: XV. 56. 40., f. 3v.
- Eton College Audit Book 1551–1562, f. 183.
- Ibid., Audit Book 23–24 Henry VIII, p. 53.
- Ibid., Audit Book 24–25 Henry VIII, p. 75.
- Ibid., Audit Book 25–26 Henry VIII, p. 100.
- Littlehales , Henry , ed. 1905 . The Medieval Records of a London City Church [St. Mary at Hill] 365 368 London : Early English Text Society . According to The New Grove Okeland was active at St. Mary's between 1553 and 1555; this must surely be a printing error. Less implausibly, Hugh Baillie states that the composer was employed there from 1533 (‘Some Biographical NOTES’, op. cit., 48), but even this can be shown to be inaccurate. In the churchwardens’ accounts running from Michaelmas 1533 to the next, Okeland's first wage was for half a quarter ending at the Annunciation, i.e. 25 March 1534. He cannot therefore have arrived at St. Mary's before February of that year.
- de Lafontaine , H. C. 1909 . The King's Musick 6 – 7 . London
- 1924–9 . Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward VI 6 vols. , 406 London i (1547–1548)
- See Paul Doe's article in The New Grove.
- PRO E.101/427/5, m. 142.
- Prince and Golder were conducts of London city churches. At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, they were employed at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, the former as a singing man, the latter as organist.
- See Hugh Baillie, op. cit., 57, who states unequivocally: ‘There is a setting of Nesciens mater by John Wright in BMI’ [the ‘Gyffard’ partbooks].
- Guildhall Library, London, MS 25630/1, f. 33v.
- See PRO LC.2/3, p. 84; E.101/427/5, f. 27; LC.2/2, f. 33; and E.101/427/6, f. 28.
- Westminster Public Library, Archives Department: Bracy 118.
- Nicholas , Orme . 1980 . ‘Two Tudor Schoolmaster-Musicians’ . Somerset and Dorset NOTES and Queries , 31 March : 19 – 26 . See the article in The New Grove, and, pt. 311
- Chantry Certificate for the College of Saint Cross, Crediton (37 Henry VIII); PRO E.301/81.
- Weaver , F. W. , ed. 1905 . Somerset Medieval Wills , 3rd Series 1531–1558 153 – 4 . Somerset Record Society xxi . P.C.C. 8 More (PRO Prob 11/37); see
- London , H. S. and Rawlins , S. W. , eds. 1963 [for 1957 and 1958] . Visitation of London, 1568, with Additional Pedrigrees 63 – 4 . The Publications of the Harleian Society cix-cx .
- P.C.C. 1 Alenger (PRO Prob 11/28).
- John was admitted to the freedom of the Company in 1542; see the typewritten index of Company members in the library at Mercers’ Hall.
- Hooper witnessed the will of a fellow vicar choral, Hugh Veysie, in 1541; see Weaver, op. cit., 65.
- According to his will made on 30 October 1563; PRO Prob 11/47.
- Heywood was also a member of the Mercers’ Company; see John Ward's article in The New Grove.
- Steer , Francis W. , ed. 1968 . Scriveners’ Company Common Paper, 1357–1628, with a continuation to 1678 Vol. iv , London Record Society .
- Winchester College MS 22198; Compotus Bursariorum A° 33 Henry VIII (1540–41).
- Chitty , H. , ed. 1930 . Diocese of Winchester: Registra Stephani Gardiner et Johannis Poynet 116 Oxford : Canterbury and York Society xxxvii . and 120, Bulkeley was M.P. for Salisbury in 1542; for his career, see S. T. Bindoff ed., History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1509–1559, 3 vols. (London, 1982), i, 537–8.
- Winchester College MS 22200.
- Ibid., MS 22202.
- See Roger Bowers's article in The New Grove.
- Winchester College MS 22197; Compotus Bursariorum 31–32 Henry VIII (1539–40).
- Ibid., MS 22198 (1540–41)
- Ibid., MS 22200 (1542–43)
- Ibid., MS 22201 (1543–44)
- Ibid., MS 22202 (1544–45)
- Reed , A. W. 1926 . Early Tudor Drama 52 – 61 . London Redford, like his successor Sebastian Westcott, almost certainly collaborated with Heywood in the dramatic productions of the St. Paul's boys; see, and John Caldwell's article on Redford in The New Grove. The composer and poet John Thorne was a conduct at St. Mary at Hill before his appointment as organist and master of the choristers at York Minster in 1542; some of his music appears in Add. MS 29996, the principal source of Redford's organ compositions. Huggarde was a London tradesman and Catholic controversialist who became hosier to Queen Mary; for further details and a list of works, see the article in D.N.B. Thomas Prideaux, sprung from a family of gentle standing in south Devon, was M.P. for three west- country constituencies during the 1550s; see Bindoff, op. cit., iii, 158. In 1556 he witnessed the will of Margaret Cox (John Redford's sister), and a year later ‘Johenn Heywood de London generosus et Thomas predioxe de medio Templo London generosus’ signed a bond of £40 in support of Westcott's acquisition of the lease of Wickham St. Paul, Essex; see Wills Register of Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, Guildhall Library MS 25,626/1 f. 117v, and MS 25,630 f. 361v.
- Frances , Rose-Troup . 1934–5 . ‘Lists relating to Persons Ejected from Religious Houses’ . Devon and Cornwall NOTES and Queries , 18 : 191
- Vivian , J. L. 1895 . The Visitations of the County of Devon 618 Exeter See, and Bindoff, op. cit., iii, 158.
- ‘Some Biographical NOTES’, op. cit., 46.
- PRO E.301/88.
- For instance, the entry in PRO E.405/119, m. 65 reads: Willmo Mondaye unius Ministrorwm in ecclesia sancti Martini iuxta Ludgate de pencione sua ad v Marks per annum sibi debita pro dimidio anno finito ad hoc festum Annunsiationis beate Marie virgmis Anno primo Regine Marie per Literas patentes Receptis denarijs per manus proprias. xxxiijs iiijd
- See also PRO E.101/75/21, m. 14v.
- Guildhall Library MS 1239/1, part 3, f. 760 (1552–3), ff. 790 and 792 (1555–6), and f. 804 (1556–7); Littlehales, op. cit. is a useful tome, but is of necessity selective in the extracts it prints from the churchwardens’ accounts.
- Westminster Public Library, Archives Department: St. Clement Danes Churchwardens’ Accounts ff. 18v-19.
- Lambeth Palace Library, MS Cartae Miscellaneae xiii/57, f. 1; Lbl Harley MS 5800, f. 22v (modern f. 20v).
- 1906 . Catalogue of the Manuscript Music in the British Museum 3 vols. , 271 London i: Sacred Vocal Music
- Jeremy , Noble . 1955 . “ ‘Le répertoire instrumental anglais: 1550–1585’ ” . In La musique instrumentale de la Renaissance Edited by: Jacquot , Jean . 111 Paris See, Frank LI. Harrison, who was the first to dub the manuscripts ‘the Gyffard partbooks’, quotes Hughes-Hughes verbatim in his Music in Medieval Britain (2nd ed., London, 1963), 289; see also John Caldwell, The Oxford History of English Music, vol. 1: From the Beginnings to c.1715 (Oxford, 1991), 239, fn. 132.
- George , Wrottesley . 1902 . “ Giffards from the Conquest to the Present Time ” . In Collections for a History of Staffordshire , New Series v London The Gifford dynasty was well established in at least seven English shires. For a survey of the family's history, see,. For branches within individual counties, see ‘The Visitation of Staffordshire A.D. 1583’, ibid., iii, pt. 2 (1882), 80–83, and ‘The Visitations of Staffordshire in 1614 and 1663–64’, ibid., v, pt. 2 (1884), 146–50; J. L. Vivian, op. cit., 396–404, and H. F. Giffard, ‘Giffard's Jump’, Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art, xxxiv (July 1902), 648–703; J. Maclean and W. C. Heane eds, The Visitation of the County of Gloucester taken in the year 1623, Publications of the Harleian Society xxi (London, 1885), 249–50; G. D. Squibb ed., Wiltshire Visitation Pedrigrees, 1623, ibid, cv-cvi (London, 1953–4), 64–5; W. Harry Rylands ed., Pedrigrees from the Visitation of Hampshire (1530, 1575, 1622), ibid, lxiv (London, 1913), 16–17; W. H. Rylands ed., Visitation of the County of Bucks, made in 1634 (ibid. LVIII; London, 1909), 166; W. H. Turner ed., Visitations of the County of Oxford taken in the years 1566–1574 and 1634, ibid, v (London, 1871), 176–81; H. I. Longden ed., Visitation of the County of Northampton taken in the year 1681, ibid, lxxxvi (London, 1935), 79–80, and Walter C. Metcalfe, The Visitation of Northamptonshire, 1564 and 1618–19 (London, 1887), 93–4.
- See the article in D.N.B., and the entry in Joseph Foster, Alumni Oxonienses.
- William , Münk . 1878 . Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London 3 vols. , 114 – 15 . London i (1518 to 1700)
- See John Gee, The Foot out of the Snare (1624), where his name is included in a list of popish physicians practising in London (Sig. Rv); a modern edition of this work has been prepared by T.H.B.M. Harmsen (Cicero Press; Nijmegen, 1992).
- PRO Prob 11/30.
- PRO E.36/104, f. 12v.
- Christ Church Muniments, Matricula Aedis Christi f. 31; this book was compiled retrospectively in the seventeenth century from records that are now no longer extant.
- Ibid., Registrum 1547 ad 1619, f. 21v [call-mark D. & C. i.b.l].
- ‘Supplicai etc. Rogeras Giffordus scholaris facultatis artium quaterna unius anni cum dimidio Studium in dialectica compleverit cum responsione duorum baccalaureorum in quadragesima et creacione generalis haec ei sufficiant ut admittatur ad lectionem alieuius libri eiusdem facultatis. Concess. modo determinet proxima quadragesima post suseeptum gradum.’ Oxford University Archives: Register of Congregation i (1535–1563) f. 161. An outline of Gifford's academic career may be found in C. W. Boase ed., Register of the University of Oxford i (1449–63; 1505–71), Oxford Historical Society i (1884), 232.
- Matricula, f. 30.
- Register of Congregation i, f. 165v.
- Fletcher , J. M. , ed. 1974 for 1971–2 . Registrum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis 1521–1567 Vol. xxiii , 160 Oxford Historical Society N.S. . and 174
- ‘Supplicai etc. Rogerus Giffardus, quatenus Studium 3m annorum cum dimidio cum varijs exercitijs tam publicis quam privatis ei sufficiat ad ineipiendum in eadem facultate. Concess. M° do ineipiat proximis comitijs.’ Register of Congregation i, f. 184v.
- Boase, op. cit., 232.
- Robinson , H. , ed. 1842–5 . The Zurich Leiters 2 vols. , 29 Parker Society . i, Letter xii.
- See Fletcher, Registrum, 190–191.
- Thompson , E. M. and Frere , W. H. , eds. 1928, 1933 . Registrum Matthei Parker: Diocesis Cantuariensis A.D. 1559–1575 3 vols. , 706 Canterbury and York Society xxxv, xxxvi, xxxix . ii
- Fletcher, Registrum, 197. Earlier in the year another Merton fellow, Dr William Tresham, had been deprived of his canonry at Christ Church and committed to the custody of Archbishop Parker at Lambeth.
- Ibid., 198.
- Ibid.g, 204. He was reinstated on 26 May, 1562.
- Gillian , Lewis . 1986 . “ ‘The Faculty of Medicine’ ” . In The History of the University of Oxford iii: The Collegiate University Edited by: McConica , James . 221 – 3 . Oxford Ibid., 203. Under the terms of his will dated 18 October 1524, Thomas Linacre, the humanist scholar and founding president of the Royal College of Physicians, made provision for two endowed lectureships in medicine (physic) at Oxford and one at Cambridge. At Oxford the junior lecturer was to deal with medical theory as propounded by Galen for an annual stipend of £6; the senior lecturer received twice as much, but was given the more demanding task of commenting on topics treated in the literature of practical medicine. Various colleges in the university examined the scheme before Merton agreed to take it on, and as a consequence of this delay the first lecturers were not appointed until 1550. The agreement between the college and Linacre's executors is printed in Fletcher Registrum 220–222; see also
- ‘Supplicai etc. Rogerus gifford artium mr quatenus Studium trium annorum in re medica sibi sufficiat ut admittatur ad lectionem alicuius libri aphorismorum hippocratis. Concess. simpliciter’: Register of Congregation i, f. 197v.
- Ibid., f. 202v; Roger Marbeck was senior proctor.
- Ibid., f. 207”.
- Ibid., f. 208v.
- Victoria County History of Oxford iii, 105.
- Fletcher, Registrum, 209.
- See Thompson and Frere, Registrum, ii, 799–800, and Fletcher, Registrum, 210–11.
- John , Strype . 1821 . Life and Acts of Matthew Parker 3 vols. , 228 – 32 . Oxford i
- The following account is based on Thompson and Frere . Registrum , ii 684 – 717 .
- Gifford, no doubt anticipating the impending visitorial retribution, had already relinquished his fellowship on 7 May, and addressed his letter of resignation to Lambeth. The authorities at Merton were apparently unaware of this, which explains why his name still appears on the list of college personnel sent to Parker later that month. His absence from the proceedings cannot therefore be taken as an expression of contempt. See Fletcher, Registrum, 219, and Thompson and Frere, Registrum, 687–8.
- Hall retired to University College, where he died a few months later. His will was witnessed by Richard Smith and Roger Gifford, to each of whom he bequeathed ‘my twoo great ringes’. Hall's executors, however, refused to act for him, so letters of administration were granted to his brother at Oxford on 7 January 1563 (Register of the Chancellor's Court, ff. 201 and 203).
- Fletcher Registrum, 217–20 and 224. Gifford held the post until 20 April 1565, when he was succeeded by Thomas Jessop; ibid., 252.
- Brodrick , G. C. 1885 . Memorials of Merton College . Oxford historical Society , iv : 53 See, and B. W. Henderson, Merton College, College Histories Series (London, 1899), 90.
- See Fletcher, Registrum, 225 and 229. The Feast of the Name of Jesus (7 August) was of course expunged from the Anglican calendar; however, St. Peter ad Vincula (1 August) coincided with Lammas day and was retained.
- Warden Mann had left Oxford the previous February to become the Queen's ambassador in Madrid; see Fletcher, Registrum, 260–61.
- Ibid., 263–4.
- ‘Supplicai etc. Rogerus Gifforde bacchalaureus in re medica quatenus Studium octo annorum in eadem fac-ltate posuerit cam varijs exercitijs tam pub. quam privatim habitis haec ei sufficiant ut admittatur ad incipiendum in eadem facultate. Concess. modo incipiat proximis Commitijs.’ Oxford University Archives: Register of Congregation ii (1564–1582) f. 17.
- ‘Supplicai venerabili convocationi magistrorum regentium et non regentium Rogerus Gifford artium mr et in re medica bacchalaureus quatenus Studium quatuor annorum et amplius in eadem facultate post gradum susceptum, cum responsione publica in commitijs in eadem facultate sibi sufficiat ut creetur doctor et non teneatur stare in commitijs et convivij liberetur sumptibus. Concess. modo satisfaciat pub. lectori in eadem facultate officiariis et ministris universitatis et creetur doctor ante reginae adventum et paratus sit ad disputandum coram regina, et ea prestet eo tempore ad que per universitatem astringetur’: ibid., f. 32v.
- Wood, Fasti i, 727.
- 1823 . “ A number of contemporary accounts of the royal visit are printed in John Nichols ” . In The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth 3 vols. , London and Charles Plummer ed., Elizabethan Oxford, Oxford Historical Society viii (1886). These give the surnames only of the doctors and other worthies present at the proceedings; Plummer (175, fn. 21) follows Nichols (i, 232) in identifying Dr Gifford as John Gifford of New College, M.D. 1598!
- Plummer, op. cit., 202.
- See ibid., 185–6 for a summary of the various Latin speeches.
- Fletcher, Registrum, 275.
- London, Royal College of Physicians, MS: Annals, vol. i, f. 31v.
- PRO Prob 11/54.
- George , Clark . 1964–66 . A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London 2 vols. , 129 – 30 . Oxford Sir, British Library, Lansdowne MS 21, no. 60. The document is dated 30 January 1576, but internal evidence shows that it was written some four years earlier; it is transcribed (with serious inaccuracies) in, i
- See the typewritten transcript of lay sudsidies paid in 18 Elizabeth, shelved on bookcase 8/73 of PRO.
- Clark, op. cit., 124.
- Münk, op. cit., i (1518–1700), 68–9.
- PRO Docket Book SO3/1, and C66/1305.
- Hasler , P. W. , ed. 1981 . History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1558–1603 3 vols. , 190 – 91 . London ii
- Edward , Yardley and Menevia , Sacra . 1927 . Cambrian Archaeological Association Edited by: Green , Francis . 133 London The close connection that existed between the clerical and medical professions is illustrated by the careers of John Warner (the first Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford) and his deputy Thomas Francis; see Münk, op. cit., 61–3. For an account of priest-physicians as a group within the medical profession, see M. Pelling and C. Webster, ‘Medical Practitioners’, Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century, ed. Charles Webster (Cambridge, 1979), 199–200.
- This was finally granted on 14 October 1596, with a number of provisos attached., The case, however, dragged on into the new century; see Clark, op. cit., 146–8.
- Bath Longleat Manuscripts: v Talbot, Dudley and Devereux Papers 1533–1659 . Historical Manuscripts Commission , 58 260
- His death is recorded in the second volume of the Annals of the Royal College of Physicians, f. 124v: ‘Dictus ornatissimus vir, et Doctor D. Giffard 27 January 1596 obijt, ex rupta vena in ventriulo: et sepultus est in parochia Sanctae Brigettae in Fleestreet.’
- P.C.C. 77 Cobham (PRO Prob 11/90).
- Grazebrook , G. and Rylands , J. P. , eds. 1889 . The Visitation of Shropshire 1623 2 vols. , 223 – 4 . London : Harleian Society 28 and 29 . Both of Gifford's daughters married into prominent Shropshire families. Mary's eventual husband was Thomas Oteley of Pitchford, and Thomas Harris's family seat was at Tong Castle; see, i,; ii, 380–2.
- Henry Cuffe was elected to a fellowship at Merton in 1586, after he had been expelled from Trinity for expressing his views on the character of the founder. He was Regius Professor of Greek from 1590 to 1596, and served as private secretary to the Earl of Essex c.1594, but was executed in 1601 for his involvement in the latter's rebellion; see D.N.B.
- Atkins served the Earl of Essex in the capacity of physician on a naval expedition to Spain in 1597, but was so sea-sick that he had to be put ashore at Plymouth. He was later Physician in Ordinary to both James I and Charles I; see Münk, op. cit., i, 93–5.
- 1887 . Oxford Historical Society , xi : 180 Foster, Alumni, i, 564. The Register of the University of Oxford gives his place of origin as London, and his social condition as the son of an armiger; see
- Admission Book 3 (1589–1603) f. 21v; the corresponding entry in Black Book 5 (f. 474v) erroneously gives May as the month of admission.
- Each admission was signed not only by the Reader or Bencher by whom admission was made, but also by one, two, or three sureties or manucaptors; these were members of the Inn who had proposed the new member, and who were bound to ensure the payment of dues.
- Called to the bar in 1580, he was Recorder of Beaumaris by 1586; he became a bencher in 1589, and was Autumn reader in 1593—the year of his death. He sat as M. P. for Beaumaris in 1584, 1586, 1589, and 1593 (P. W. Hasler, op. cit., i, 514).
- Catholic Record Society, xiii, 109. David Pole, the Marian bishop of Peterborough who died in 1568, bequeathed to Thomas ‘fyve poundes and the corse of Paulus de Castro upon Civili’ (PRO Prob 11/50). What is more, his brother Richard had received his early education in the household of Bishop Bonner (P. W. Hasler, op. cit., 513).
- Black Book 4, f. 356.
- 1962 . Catholic Record Society , liv : 124 – 7 . See, and W. R. Prest, The Inns of Court under Elizabeth I and the Early Stuarts, 1590–1640 (London, 1972), 180.
- See Foster Alumni, i, 653, and Register of Congregation 1582–1595, f. 184v.
- Lincoln's Inn Admission Book 3 (1589–1602), f. 34
- Black Book 6 (35/36 Elizabeth to 1619), f. 4v.
- 1619 . A True Historicall Discourse of Muley Hamet's Rising to the Three Kingdomes of Moruecos London : Fes, and Sus . quoted in John Bruce ed., Letters and Papers of the Verney Family, Camden Society, Old Series, Ivi (1853), 96. One should also mention the remote possibility that the ‘Philip’ of the ‘Gyffard’ partbooks is Lady Philippa Giffard. In contemporary documents, and indeed in her own will, her name is abbreviated to ‘Phillipp’ or ‘Phylip’. She was the daughter of Robert Trapps, a London goldsmith, and married firstly Edmund Shaa, variously described as haberdasher or goldsmith in the city. Her second husband was Sir George Giffard of Middle Claydon, Bucks., the wealthiest of Dr Gifford's four uncles. When he died in 1557, she married Richard Norton of Norton Conyers in Yorkshire, who was Sheriff of the county. He fled the country because of his involvement in the Northern Rebellion of 1569, and died in exile. Lady Giffard, who retained the title brought to her by her second marriage, died in 1593. We know that she had an interest in music, for in 1555 Edward Gifford of Wicken, Northants., bequeathed ‘unto my ladye Philip Gifforde, wife unto Sr George Gifforde knighte my Venice lute, the whiche she hathe allredie in her custodie…’ (PRO Prob 11/38). On 27 February 1591, while living at Sheldon, Warwicks., she was indicted for recusancy. She appears to have spent the final years of her life with her son Thomas at the family home in Buckinghamshire, where it was reported that she ‘dothe usuallie resorte to the parishe Churche of Middle Cleydon aforesaid accordinge to her Mayestes Lawes…’ (PRO SP 12/243 [Part 2 End]). Such conformity was only superficial, however, as may be seen from the preamble to her will, where she hopes her soul might share ‘…the blisse of heaven, with our blessed Ladye St. Marye the virgin mother of god and man and of all the holye Companye of heaven to whose holye intercession and of the Catholicke Churche militaunt here in earthe I commend my Sowie.’ (PRO Prob 11/82) The document mentions neither Dr Gifford nor his children. Lady Philippa appears to have moved in a different social set to that of her nephew, and no beneficiary is common to both their wills. It is difficult to imagine how she could be the ‘Philip’ who was associated with Thomas and Charles Gifford.
- Black Book 5, f. 21v.
- Black Book 5, f. 51v.
- John , William Clay . 1897 . The Registers of Elland, Co Yorkshire 331 Leeds ‘Thomas Giforde de Essex generosus et Dorothea Savile generosa de Nova Aula Juxta Elandiam’; see, There are Gifford pedigrees in W. H. Turner ed., op. cit., 176–81, and Joseph Foster ed., Glover's Visitation of Yorkshire 1584–1585; St. George's Visitation of Yorkshire 1612 (London, 1875), 521; for the Savile descent, see Joseph Hunter, South Yorkshire, 2 vols. (London, 1828 and 1831) ii 374.
- Clay, op. cit., 237.
- She was baptized on 6 December 1607, and was buried in Elland church on 22 November 1608; see Clay ibid 240 and 129.
- Clay ibid., 242 and 245. Helenor also survived no more than a few months; what appears to be her burial is recorded under 17 April 1610; see ibid., 132.
- Foster, Visitation of Yorkshire, 521. This pedigree reproduces the error of Lbl Harley MS 1487 f. 416v by giving the name of Thomas's younger brother as Thomas also. Furthermore, it wrongly states that Francis was aged nine at the time of visitation.
- Francis Collins ed., The Registers of Farnham, Yorkshire, 1569–1812, Parish Register Society Ivi (1905), 12.
- Ibid., 12–13.
- The will is in the Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, York.
- Collins, op. cit., 79.
- Puttick and Simpson Sale Catalogues 1849–1853, British Library, Dept. of Printed Books, call-mark Hirsh 565.
- Miscellaneous Sales Catalogues, British Library, Dept. of Manuscripts, call-mark PR 1. C. 50–51; see p. 30 of catalogue no. 14.
- George , Smith and Frank , Benger . 1928 . The Oldest London Bookshop 61 – 4 . London The brothers William and Thomas Boone were Bond Street booksellers who acted as agents for the British Museum from the spring of 1849; see, We can follow the various stages in the Museum's acquisition of the partbooks from Sir Frederic's Journal for the year 1849 (Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Eng. hist. C. 162):
- ‘Saturday 23d [June]…Walked to Piccadilly, to see the musical MSS on view at Puttick's, and afterwards wrote to Messrs Boone to commission them to purchase certain lots…’ (pp. 186–7)
- ‘Monday 25th…Mr Boone wrote to say he had purchased the musical MSS I had marked from the sale at Puttick's, and at very low prices…’ (p. 187)
- ‘Tuesday 26th…Boone sent up the musical MSS among which are two volumes in the undoubted autograph of Matthew Locke.’ (p. 189)
- The original document was apparently destroyed in the 1940s. The call-marks of the Bodleian and British Library copies of the typescript are Bl.367 (open shelves, Catalogue Room, Old Library) and C.131.K.15 respectively.
- Alphabetical list of some of the principal sales of Literary Property Music and Works of Art, conducted by Messrs Puttick & Simpson, 191 Piccadilly and 47 Leicester Square, 1846 to 1870 (typewritten, 1928), 2.
- Also spelled Ayreton, Airton, Aerton.
- Harold , Watkins Shaw . 1991 . The Succession of Organists 277 Oxford See the articles on Edmund and William Ayrton in The New Grove; also
- Venn , J. and Venn , J. A. Alumni Cantabrigienses , vol. 1 ( Part 1 ) 61 PRO Institution Books: Series B (1660–1721) iii, f. 389 (new f. 398) Chester diocese; Memorials of the Church of SS. Peter and Wilfred, Ripon, vol. 2, Surtees Society lxxviii (1886 for 1884), 324; [Nugent Chaplin], A Short Account of the Families of Chaplin and Skinner and Connected Families (privately printed, 1902), Pedigree C: ‘The Ayrton Family’, between pp. 18–19; for ‘Nidd-cum-Stamley’ read ‘Nidd-cum-Stainley’.
- See The New Grove article for a brief biographical sketch.
- David , Mateer . 1974 . ‘Further light on Preston and Whyte’ . Musical Times , 115 : 1074 – 7 . See
- 1981 . The Masses and Motets of William Byrd 80 London Actually, Paul Doe has uncovered evidence to suggest that Parsons's death by drowning occurred in 1572; see the introduction to his forthcoming edition of the composer's vocal works in the series Early English Church Music.
- 1979 . “ The New Grove article gives John Mundy's birth-date as c.1555. ” . In E.H. Fellowes suggests c.1554 in his Organists and Masters of the Choristers of St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle, , 2nd ed. 30 Windsor
- Hugh , Baillie . 1960 . ‘Squares’ . Acta Musicologica , 32 : 183 See for instance F. LI. Harrison, op. cit., 289, and
- British Library, Harley MS 5800, f. 20v.
- Under normal circumstances, the three-fold Christe eleison would be sung: polyphony—plainsong—polyphony, with the last ‘Christe’ repeating the music of the first. The Kyries by Tye and William Mundy, however, develop this scheme by providing the third ‘Christe’ with new music, thus making four polyphonic sections overall: Kyrie 2, Christe 1 & 3, Kyrie 5.
- John Mundy's six-part Dum transisset Sabbatum (Och Mus. 979–83, no. 156) may be another pedagogical essay in the same technique.
- See David Mateer, ‘The Compilation’, op. cit., 22–6.
- Briquet , C. M. 1968 . Les filigranes Edited by: Stevenson , A. H. 4 vols. , Amsterdam no. 13154.
- Heawood , E. March 1930 . “ ‘Sources of early English Paper-Supply ii: The Sixteenth Century’ ” . In Transactions of the Bibliographical Society [The Library] , 4th Series March , 427 – 54 . ×, (especially 435 and 440). In his Watermarks mainly of the 17th and 18th centuries (Hilversum, 1950; repr. Amsterdam, 1970) the device appears as no. 2163. Heawood also claims to have found it in Linschoten's Discours of Voyages (trans. William Phillip, 1598); the maps in the three British Library copies of that work are indeed printed on paper with a grape watermark, but there the similarity ends.
- Warwick , Edwards . 1974 . ‘The Sources of Elizabethan Consort Music’ 90 – 97 . University of Cambridge . For a discussion of its date and contents see Jeremy Noble, op. cit., and, Ph.D. dissertation
- British Library, Royal MS 18.D.iii.
- Simmons , J. S. G. , ed. 1965 . Tromonin's Watermark Album Hilversum It also occurs in a printed psalter of 1576; see, plate XXXI, nos. 457–8.
- The second type of watermark does not occur in the Burghley papers (British Library, Lansdowne MSS) before c.1580. The best examples of the device are to be found in large folio-size books, such as the churchwardens’ accounts of St. Stephen Walbrook for 1577–81 (Guildhall Library, MS 573/3), and of St. Lawrence Pountney for 1530–1681 (ibid., MS 3907/1). When the paper on which the latter are written was purchased in 1575, accounts for the period 1530–50 were recopied at the beginning of the volume. The space left for the years 1551–75 was never filled, however, and these blank leaves now provide excellent sightings of the watermark.
- Their names appear in the same weekly Battels accounts until Gifford's departure for Merton.
- Devotion to the Name of Jesus was widespread in England from about the middle of the fifteenth century. A famous guild of that dedication, founded in 1459, met in the ‘Crowdes’ or crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, where the Dean (or in his absence the Subdean or a Cardinal) sang high mass on the feast of the Holy Name. Every Friday mass of Jesus was solemnly sung, followed immediately by a mass of Requiem by note. However, the setting in ‘Gyffard’, which is for men's voices, is unlikely to have been used on such occasions, as the guild's accounts show that choristers were among the singers paid for their services in the crypt (see my forthcoming article ‘Music at St. Paul's Cathedral 1500–1600’). The Name of Jesus was also held in special reverence at Magdalen College, Oxford, and the pre-Reformation Libri Computi are littered with entries such as the following:
- Solutis pro ostreis datis clericis canentibws missam nommis Jesu in quadragesima iiijs viijd (1530–1, f. 8v)
- Solutum pro ostreis datis Clericis sexta quaque feria quadragesima
- unacum pane et potu pro laboribus insumptis Missis Jesu pro quaque feria vd ijs viijd (1537–8, f. 105)
- At Magdalen the Jesus Mass was clearly performed by the men of the choir.
- See Table: Fascicles II (sub-sections i and iii), IV, VI, and VII. Alcock's Salve regina, which appears near the end of the first layer of Fascicle VII, could have been brought by Whitbroke from Lichfield to London.
- See Table; Fascicle II, sub-section ii.
- Barber's music was probably brought to London by Knight. For the latter's association with Winchester, see p. 27.
- Bramston's family ties with London are discussed on pp. 26–7.
- Op. cit., 75
- Windsor Muniments, XV.56.36. Alternatively, the pieces from St. George's Chapel could have been provided by John Mundy, who may well have known Dr Gifford personally through their common association with the second Earl of Essex—the dedicatee of the composer's Songs and Psalmes composed into 3, 4, and 5, parts (1594). It is even possible that the music of Stoning and Ensdale came to Gifford directly from the Earl, for the Devereux family, whose seat was at Chartley, Staffs., had close links with Lichfield cathedral and city.