Ecotourism discourse: challenging the stakeholders theory

References

• Abram , S. and Waldren , J. 1998 . Anthropological perspectives on local development: Knowledge and sentiments in conflict , Edited by: Abram , S. and Waldren , J. New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , W. M. 2002 . “ Nature and the colonial mind ” . In Decolonizing nature , Edited by: Adams , W. and Mulligan , M. 16 – 50 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Addison , G. 1999 . “ Adventure travel and ecotourism ” . In Adventure programming , Edited by: Miles , J. and Priest , S. 415 – 430 . State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Agrawal , A. and Gibson , C. C. 1999 . Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation . World development , 27 ( 4 ) : 629 – 649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appadurai , A. 1996 . Modernity at large: The cultural dimensions of globalization , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Argyrou , V. 2005 . The logic of environmentalism: Anthropology, ecology, and postcoloniality , New York : Berghahn .
   Google Scholar
• Bangs , R. and Kallen , C. 1986 . River gods: Exploring the world's greatest rivers , San Francisco : Sierra Club Books .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , C. B. , Brandon , K. , Gibson , C. and Gjertsen , H. 2001 . Conserving tropical biodiversity amid weak institutions . Bioscience , 51 ( 6 ) : 497 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bergh , P. 1994 . The quest for the other: Ethnic tourism in San Cristóbal, Mexico , Seattle : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berkes , F. 2004 . Rethinking community-based conservation . Conservation Biology , 18 ( 3 ) : 621 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhabha , H. 1990 . “ The other question: Difference, discrimination, and the discourse of colonialism ” . In Out there , Edited by: Ferguson , R. 71 – 89 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1977 . Outline of a theory of practice , Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1984 . Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Braun , B. 2003 . “ ‘on the raggedy edge of risk’: Articulations of race and nature after biology ” . In Race, nature, and the politics of difference , Edited by: Moore , D. S. , Kosek , J. and Pandian , A. 175 – 203 . Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brosius , J. P. 1999 . Analyses and interventions: Anthropological engagements with environmentalism . Current Anthropology , 40 ( 3 ) : 277 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brow , J. 1996 . Demons and development: The struggle for community in a Sri Lankan village , Tucson : University of Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carrier , J. G. and MacLeod , D. V.L. 2005 . Bursting the bubble: The socio-cultural context of ecotourism . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , 11 : 315 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassady , J. and Dunlap , D. 1999 . World whitewater: A global guide for river runners , San Francisco : Ragged Mountain Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chavez , D. J. 2000 . Wilderness visitors in the 21st century: Diversity, day use, perceptions and preferences . International Journal of Wilderness , 6 ( 2 ) : 10 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Crapper , M. M. 1998 . From hunters to guides: How some native communities have profited from ecotourism . Contact Peru , 3 : 20 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Cronon , W. 1996 . “ The trouble with wilderness ” . In Uncommon ground , Edited by: Cronon , W. 69 – 90 . New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Dahl , G. and Rabo , A. 1992 . Kam-ap or take-off: Local notions of development , Edited by: Dahl , G. and Rabo , A. Stockholm : Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology .
   Google Scholar
• Duffy , R. 2002 . Trip too far: Ecotourism, politics, and exploitation , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich , B. 1989 . Fear of falling: The inner life of the middle class , New York : HarperPerennial .
   Google Scholar
• Escobar , A. 1995 . Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the third world , Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Escobar , A. 1997 . Anthropology and development . International Social Science Journal , 49 ( 4 ) : 497 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Escobar , A. 1999 . After nature: Steps to an antiessentialist political ecology . Current Anthropology , 40 ( 1 ) : 1 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinosa , M. C. 1998 . Differentiated use of natural resources by Ribereño families of the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon , Gainsville : University of Florida . PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Fanon , F. 1967 . Black skin, white masks , New York : Grove Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , J. 1990 . The anti-politics machine: ‘Development’, depoliticization, and bureaucratic power in Lesotho , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ferraro , P. J. 2001 . Global habitat protection: Limitations of development interventions and a role for conservation performance payments . Conservation Biology , 15 ( 4 ) : 990 – 1000 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , R. 2001 . What are we fighting for? Rethinking resistance in a Pewenche community in Chile . Journal of Peasant Studies , 28 ( 3 ) : 37 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , R. 2005 . The call to adventure: An ethnographic and textual study of adventure ecotourism , Santa Barbara : Department of Anthropology, University of California . PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher , R. 2008 . Living on the edge: The appeal of risk sports for the professional middle class . Sociology of Sport Journal , 25 ( 3 ) : 310 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault , M. 1972 . Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason , New York : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith , P. 2001 . Fight the fu . American way , February offprint
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , A. 1997 . “ Agrarian populism in the development of a modern nation ” . In International development and the social sciences , Edited by: Cooper , F. and Packard , R. 320 – 344 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , D. 2005 . A brief history of neoliberalism , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hendon , W. C. 1991 . The wilderness as a source of recreation and renewal: Who uses it? what are their characteristics? their other interests? their preferences? . American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 50 ( 1 ) : 105 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heynen , N. and Robbins , P. 2005 . The neoliberalization of nature: Governance, privatization, enclosure and valuation . Capitalism Nature Socialism , 15 ( 1 ) : 5 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Hines , J. D. forthcoming . In pursuit of experience: The postindustrial middle-class colonization of the rural American west . Ethnography ,
   Google Scholar
• Honey , M. 2008 . Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? , 2 , Washington, DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Igoe , J. 2004 . Conservation and globalization: A study of national parks and indigenous communities from East Africa to South Dakota , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth/Thompson .
   Google Scholar
• Igoe , J. and Brockington , D. 2007 . Neoliberal conservation: A brief introduction . Conservation and Society , 5 ( 4 ) : 432 – 449 .
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart , R. 1990 . Culture shift in advanced industrial society , Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart , R. , Basañez , M. and Moreno , A. 1998 . Human values and beliefs: A cross-cultural sourcebook , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ingold , T. 2000 . Perceptions of the environment , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• John , L. 1989 . The colonization of consciousness in South Africa . Economy and Society , 18 ( 3 ) : 267 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , L. M. 2000 . ‘A place that's good’: Gitksan landscape perception and ethnoecology . Human Ecology , 28 ( 2 ) : 301 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas , L. 1999 . Making and facing danger: Constructing strong character on the river . Symbolic Interaction , 22 : 247 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langholz , J. 2003 . “ Privatizing conservation ” . In Contested Nature , Edited by: Brechin , S. , Wilshusen , P. , Fortwangler , C. and West , P. 117 – 135 . Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lansing , A. 1959 . Endurance: Shackleton's incredible voyage , New York : Carroll and Graf .
   Google Scholar
• Lareau , A. 2003 . Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leach , M. and Fairhead , J. 2000 . Fashioned forest pasts, occluded histories? International environmental analysis in west african locales . Development and Change , 31 : 35 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévi-Strauss , C. 1969a . The Elementary structures of kinship , Boston : Beacon Press . (J. Bell & J. von Sturmer, Trans.)
   Google Scholar
• Lévi-Strauss , C. 1969b . The raw and the cooked , New York : Harper and Row . (J. Weightman & D. Weightman, Trans.)
   Google Scholar
• MacCannell , D. 1999 . The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class , 2 , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacCormack , C. and Strathern , M. 1980 . Nature, culture and gender , Edited by: MacCormack , C. and Strathern , M. Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marcus , G. E. 1995 . Ethnography in/of the world-system: The emergence of multi-sited ethnography . Annual Review of Anthropology , 24 : 95 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , P. 1997 . On the wild side of Chile . Boston Globe , April 13 : M1
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , J. and Prudham , S. 2004 . Neoliberal nature and the nature of neoliberalism . Geoforum , 35 : 275 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley , D. J. 2006 . Selling out on nature . Nature , 443 ( 7 ) : 27 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meric , H. J. and Hunt , J. 1998 . Ecotourists’ motivational and demographic characteristics: A case of North Carolina travelers . Journal of Travel Research , 36 : 57 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , R. G. Jr. 1983 . Mountain experience: The psychology and sociology of adventure , University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , T. 1988 . Colonizing Egypt , Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mowforth , M. and Munt , I. 2003 . Tourism and sustainability: New tourism in the Third World , 2 , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Mühlhaüsler , P. and Peace , A. 2006 . Environmental discourses . Annual Review of Anthropology , 35 : 457 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munt , I. 1994 . Eco-tourism or ego-tourism? . Race and Class , 36 ( 1 ) : 49 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadasdy , P. 2005 . Transcending the debate over the ecologically noble Indian: Indigenous peoples and environmentalism . Ethnohistory , 52 ( 2 ) : 291 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandy , A. 1983 . The intimate enemy: Loss and recovery of self under colonialism , Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nash , R. 1973 . Wilderness and the American mind , 2 , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Noland , D. 1997 . Travels along the edge , New York : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Olwig , K. F. 2004 . Comments on ‘ecotourism and authenticity’ . Current Anthropology , 45 ( 4 ) : 491 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortner , S. B. 1974 . “ Is female to male as nature is to culture? ” . In Women, Culture, and Society , Edited by: Rosaldo , M. and Lamphere , L. 67 – 88 . CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Page , S. J. and Dowling , R. K. 2002 . Ecotourism , Harlow, , UK : Pearson Education .
   Google Scholar
• Pahl-Wostl , C. , Tàbara , D. , Bouwen , R. , Craps , M. , Dewulf , A. Mostert , E. 2008 . The importance of social learning and culture for sustainable water management . Ecological Economics , 64 ( 3 ) : 484 – 495 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigg , S. L. 1992 . Inventing social categories through place: Social representations and development in nepal . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 34 ( 4 ) : 491 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigg , S. L. 1996 . The credible and the credulous: The question of ‘villagers' beliefs’ in Nepal . Cultural Anthropology , 11 ( 2 ) : 160 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty , J. and Smith , D. 2004 . Social capital in biodiversity conservation and management . Conservation Biology , 18 ( 3 ) : 631 – 638 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quammen , D. 2000 . “ Grabbing the loop ” . In The gift of rivers , Edited by: Michael , P. 96 – 110 . San Francisco : Travelers’ Tales .
   Google Scholar
• Rakoff , D. 2003 . Fu fighters . Outside , October
   Google Scholar
• Sachs , W. 1990 . The archaeology of the development idea . Interculture , 23 ( 4 ) : 1 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Sachs , W. 1992 . The development dictionary: A guide to knowledge as power , Edited by: Sachs , W. London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Said , E. 1979 . Orientalism , New York : Vintage .
   Google Scholar
• Sharpley , R. 2006 . Ecotourism: A consumption perspective . Journal of Ecotourism , 5 ( 1&2 ) : 7 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Stem , C. , Lassoie , J. , Lee , D. and Deshler , D. 2003a . How ‘eco’ is ecotourism? A comparative case study of ecotourism in Costa Rica . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 11 ( 4 ) : 322 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Stem , C. , Lassoie , J. , Lee , D. , Deshler , D. and Schelhas , J. 2003b . Community participation in ecotourism benefits: The link to conservation and perspectives . Society and Natural Resources , 16 ( 5 ) : 387 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stronza , A. 2007 . The economic promise of ecotourism for conservation . Journal of Ecotourism , 6 ( 3 ) : 210 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. E. , Yunez-Naude , A. and Ardila , S. 2003 . The economics of ecotourism: A Galápagos Islands economy-wide perspective . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 13 ( 3 ) : 978 – 997 .
   Google Scholar
• Urry , J. 2001 . The tourist gaze , 2 , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Vivanco , L. A. 2001 . Spectacular quetzals, ecotourism, and environmental futures in Monte Verde, Costa Rica . Ethnology , 40 ( 2 ) : 79 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivanco , L. A. 2006 . Green encounters: Shaping and contesting environmentalism in rural Costa Rica , New York : Berghahn .
   Google Scholar
• West , P. 2006 . Conservation is our government now: The politics of ecology in Papua New Guinea , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• West , P. and Carrier , J. C. 2004 . Ecotourism and authenticity: Getting away from it all? . Current Anthropology , 45 ( 4 ) : 483 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeller , B. 1993 . Sustaining the ego . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 1 ( 2 ) : 121 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• White , R. 1996 . “ Are you an environmentalist or do you work for a living?: Work and nature ” . In Uncommon Ground , Edited by: Cronon , W. 171 – 185 . New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Woost , M. D. 1993 . Nationalizing the local past in Sri Lanka: Histories of nation and development in a Sinhalese village . American Ethnologist , 20 ( 3 ) : 502 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woost , M. D. 1997 . “ Alternative vocabularies of development?: ‘Community’ and ‘participation’ in development discourse in Sri Lanka ” . In Discourses of development: Anthropological perspectives , Edited by: Grillo , R. and Stirrat , R. 229 – 254 . New York : Berg .
   Google Scholar