References
- Allen, S. J. (2014). From exploitation to adoration: The historical and contemporary contexts of human-cetacean interactions. In J. Higham, L. Bejder, & R. Williams (Eds.), Whalewatching: Sustainable tourism and ecological management (pp. 31–47). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Allen, S., Smith, H., Waples, K., & Harcourt, R. (2007). The voluntary code of conduct for dolphin watching in Port Stephens, Australia: Is self-regulation an effective management tool? Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 9, 159–166.
- Amante-Helweg, V. (1996). Ecotourists’ beliefs and knowledge about dolphins and the development of cetacean ecotourism. Aquatic Mammals, 22(2), 131–140.
- Barstow, R. (1986). Non-consumptive utilization of whales. Ambio, 15, 155–163.
- Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Gales, N., Mann, J., Connor, R., … Krützen, M. (2006). Decline in relative abundance of bottlenose dolphins exposed to long-term disturbance. Conservation Biology, 20, 1791–1798. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00540.x
- Bertella, G. (2017). Factors of peripherality: Whale watching in northern Norway. In Y. S. Lee, N. Prebensen, & S. Weaver (Eds.), Arctic tourism experiences: Production, consumption and sustainability (pp. 130–139). Wallingford: CABI.
- Bertella, G., & Vester, H. I. (2015). Whale watching in Norway caught between more traditional hunting canons and the lucrative promise of seismic airguns. Tourism in Marine Environments, 11(1), 73–77. doi: 10.3727/154427315X14398263718510
- Birtles, A., Arnold, P., & Dunstan, A. (2002). Commercial swim programs with dwarf minke whales on the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Some characteristics of the encounters with management implications. Australian Mammalogy, 24, 23–38. doi: 10.1071/AM02023
- Constantine, R. (2001). Increased avoidance of swimmers by wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) due to longterm exposure to swim-with-dolphin tourism. Marine Mammal Science, 17, 689–702. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01293.x
- Curtin, S. (2006). Swimming with dolphins: A phenomenological exploration of tourist recollections. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8, 301–315. doi: 10.1002/jtr.577
- DeMares, R. (2000). Human peak experiences triggered by encounters with cetaceans. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, 13, 89–103. doi: 10.2752/089279300786999914
- Department of Parks and Wildlife. (2016). In-water humpback whale interaction in Ningaloo Marine Park [Brochure]. Kensington: Author. Retrieved from http://exmouthinfo.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/20160207-A5-brochure-Swimming-with-Humpback-Whale_WEB.pdf
- Dudzinski, K. M. (1998). The best-kept secret in dolphin swim programs is in Japan. Whalewatcher, 31, 14–17.
- Filby, N. E., Christiansen, F., Scarpaci, C., & Stockin, K. A. (2017). Effects of swim-with-dolphin tourism on the behaviour of a threatened species, the Burrunan dolphin Tursiops australis. Endangered Species Research, 32, 479–490. doi: 10.3354/esr00826
- Forestell, P. H. (1992). The anatomy of a whalewatch: Environmental education and marine tourism. Current, 11, 10–15.
- Garrod, B., & Fennell, D. A. (2004). An analysis of whalewatching codes of conduct. Annals of Tourism Research, 31, 334–352. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.003
- Gobierno de Canarias. (1995). Decree 320/1995. Boletín Oficial de Canarias (BOC), 148.
- Heenehan, H., Basurto, X., Bejder, L., Tyne, J., Higham, E. S., & Johnston, D. W. (2015). Using Ostrom’s common-pool resource theory to build toward an integrated ecosystem-based sustainable cetacean tourism system in Hawaìi. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23, 536–556. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.986490
- Higham, J., Bejder, L., Allen, S., Corkeron, P. J., & Lusseau, D. (2016). Managing whale-watching as a non-lethal consumptive activity. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24, 73–90.
- Kessler, M., & Harcourt, R. (2012). Management implications for the changing interactions between people and whales in Ha’apai, Tonga. Marine Policy, 36, 440–445. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.08.004
- Knight, J. (2009). Making wildlife viewable: Habituation and attraction. Society and Animals, 17, 167–184. doi: 10.1163/156853009X418091
- Kuningas, S., Similä, T., & Hammond, P. S. (2014). Population size, survival and reproductive rates of northern Norwegian killer whales (Orcinus orca) in 1986–2003. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94, 1277–1291. doi: 10.1017/S0025315413000933
- Lopez, G., & Pearson, H. C. (2017). Can whale watching be a conduit for spreading educational and conservation messages? A case study in Juneau, Alaska. Tourism in Marine Environments, 12, 95–104. doi: 10.3727/154427316X14779456049821
- Lusseau, D. (2004). The hidden cost of tourism: Detecting long-term effects of tourism using behavioral information. Ecology and Society, 9, 2. doi: 10.5751/ES-00614-090102
- Lück, M. (2003). Education on marine mammal tours as agent for conservation – but do tourists want to be educated? Ocean & Coastal Management, 46, 943–956. doi: 10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00071-1
- Lück, M. (2015). Education on marine mammal tours – but what do tourists want to learn? Ocean & Coastal Management, 103, 25–33. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.002
- Lück, M. (2016). The teachable moments on marine mammal tours: Watching versus swim with tours. Coastal Management, 44, 133–138. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2016.1135274
- Martinez, E., Orams, M. B., Pawley, M. D., & Stockin, K. A. (2012). The use of auditory stimulants during swim encounters with Hector’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) in Akaroa Harbour, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science, 28, E295–E315. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00528.x
- Martinez, E., Orams, M. B., & Stockin, K. A. (2010). Swimming with an endemic and endangered species: Effects of tourism on Hector’s dolphins in Akaroa Harbour, New Zealand. Tourism Review International, 14, 99–115. doi: 10.3727/154427211X13044361606379
- Moorhouse, T., D’Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2017). Unethical use of wildlife in tourism: What’s the problem, who is responsible, and what can be done? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25, 505–516. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1223087
- Moscardo, G., Taverner, M., & Woods, B. (2006). When wildlife encounters go wrong: Tourist safety issues associated with threatening wildlife. In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security and safety: From theory to practice (pp. 209–227). London: Routledge.
- Muloin, S. (1998). Wildlife tourism: The psychological benefits of whale watching. Pacific Tourism Review, 2, 199–213.
- Neumann, D. R., & Orams, M. B. (2006). Impacts of ecotourism on shortbeaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in Mercury Bay, New Zealand. Aquatic Mammals, 32, 1–9. doi: 10.1578/AM.32.1.2006.1
- O’Connor, S., Campbell, R., Cortez, H., & Knowles, T. (2009). Whale watching worldwide: Tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits. Yarmouth: International Fund for Animal Welfare.
- O’Neill, F., Barnard, S., & Lee, D. (2004). Best practice and interpretation in tourist-wildlife encounters: A wild dolphin swim tour example (Wildlife Tourism Research Report Series No. 25). Queensland: Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Tesearch Centre. Retrieved from http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/21115/1/WT25_LeeFINAL.pdf
- Pagel, C., Scheer, M., & Lück, M. (2017). Swim encounters with killer whales (Orcinus orca) off northern Norway: Interactive behaviours directed towards human divers and snorkellers obtained from opportunistic underwater video recordings. Journal of Ecotourism, 16, 190–200. doi: 10.1080/14724049.2016.1273939
- Ramage, P. R. (2009). Preface. In S. O’Connor, R. Campbell, H. Cortez, & T. Knowles (Eds.), Whale watching worldwide: Tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits (p. 8). Yarmouth: International Fund for Animal Welfare.
- Samuels, A., & Bejder, L. (2004). Chronic interaction between humans and free-ranging bottlenose dolphins near Panama City Beach, Florida, USA. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 6, 69–77.
- Santos, M. C. d. O. (1997). Lone sociable bottlenose dolphin in Brazil: Human fatality and management. Marine Mammal Science, 13, 355–356. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00642.x
- Scarpaci, C., Dayanthi, N., & Corkeron, P. J. (2003). Compliance with regulations by “swim-with- dolphins” operations in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Environmental Management, 31, 342–347. doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2799-z
- Scheer, M., Alves, L. C. P. d. S., Ritter, F., Azevedo, A. F., & Andriolo, A. (2014). Behaviors of botos and short-finned pilot whales during close encounters with humans: Management implications derived from ethograms for food-provisioned versus unhabituated cetaceans. In J. B. Samuels (Ed.), Dolphins: Ecology, behavior and conservation strategies (pp. 1–36). New York, NY: Nova Science.
- Scheer, M., Hofmann, B., & Behr, I. P. (2004). Ethogram of selected behaviors initiated by free-ranging short-finned pilot-whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and directed to human swimmers during open water encounters. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of the Interactions of People & Animals, 17, 244–258. doi: 10.2752/089279304785643267
- Scheer, M. (2010). Review of self-initiated behaviors of free-ranging cetaceans directed towards human swimmers and waders during open water encounters. Interaction Studies, 11, 442–466. doi: 10.1075/is.11.3.07sch
- Shane, S. H., Tepley, L., & Costello, L. (1993). Life-threatening contact between a woman and a pilot whale captured on film. Marine Mammal Science, 9, 331–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00463.x
- Sitar, A., May-Collado, L. J., Wright, A. J., Peters-Burton, E., Rockwood, L., & Parsons, E. C. M. (2016). Boat operators in Bocas del Toro, Panama display low levels of compliance with national whale-watching regulations. Marine Policy, 68, 221–228. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.011
- Tiitmamer Kur, N., & Hvenegaard, G. T. (2012). Promotion of ecotourism principles by whale-watching companies’ marketing efforts. Tourism in Marine Enviroments, 8, 145–151. doi: 10.3727/154427312X13491835451458
- Valentine, P., Birtles, A., Curnock, M., Arnold, P., & Dunstan, A. (2004). Getting closer to whales – passenger expectations and experiences, and the management of swim with dwarf minke whale interactions in the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management, 25, 647–655. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.001
- Warkentin, T. (2011). Interspecies etiquette in place: Ethical affordances in swim-with-dolphins programmes. Ethics & The Environment, 16, 99–122. doi: 10.2979/ethicsenviro.16.1.99
- Whitt, A., & Read, A. (2006). Assessing compliance to guidelines by dolphin-watching operators in Clearwater, Florida, USA. Tourism in Marine Environments, 3, 117–130. doi: 10.3727/154427306779435265
- Wiener, C. (2013). Friendly or dangerous waters? Understanding dolphin swim tourism encounters. Annals of Leisure Research, 16, 55–71. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2013.768155
- Yerbury, R., Boyd, W., Lloyd, D., & Brooks, A. (2017). Right to leisure? Refocusing on the dolphin. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(3), 368–385. doi:10.1080/11745398.2017.1314190