Sustainable dolphin watching tours as a tool to increase public awareness of marine conservation – a comparative analysis between two Mediterranean destinations and implications for management

References

• Anderson, M. S., & Miller, M. L. (2006). Onboard marine environmental education: Whale watching in the San Juan Islands, Washington. Tourism in Marine Environments, 2(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427306779436327
   Google Scholar
• Ardoin, N. M., Wheaton, M., Sponarski, C. C., & Roth, N. W. (2016). Blu Habits: Motivating lasting pro ocean behaviours among Oceanic Society’s nature travellers and beyond (Final Report). Stanford University. 76pp.
   Google Scholar
• Aswita, D. (2018). Environmental education and ecotourism for sustainable life: Literature study. The International Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 17–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Hughes, K. (2009). Tourists’ support for conservation messages and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences. Tourism Management, 30(5), 658–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhuiyan, A. H., Siwar, C., & Islam, R. (2010). Ecotourism and environmental education: An opportunity for Bangladesh. In Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB10) , Japan (Vol. 4, pp. 43–44).
   Google Scholar
• Corkeron, P. J. (2004). Whale watching, iconography, and marine conservation. Conservation Biology, 18(3), 847–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00255.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draheim, M., Bonnelly, I., Bloom, T., Rose, N., & Parsons, E. C. M. (2010). Tourist attitudes towards marine mammal tourism: An example from the Dominican Republic. Tourism in Marine Environments, 6(4), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427310X12764412619046
   Google Scholar
• Duffus, D. A., & Dearden, P. (1990). Non-consumptive wildlife-oriented recreation: A conceptual framework. Biological Conservation, 53(3), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(90)90087-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffus, D. A., & Dearden, P. (1993). Recreational use, valuation and management of killer whales (Orcinus orca) on Canada’s Pacific coast. Environmental Conservation, 20(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900037656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filby, N. E., Stockin, K. A., & Scarpaci, C. (2015). Social science as a vehicle to improve dolphin-swim tour operation compliance? Marine Policy, 51, 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkler, W. (2001). The experiential impact of whale watching: implications for management in the case of the San Juan Islands, USA [MSc thesis, University of Otago].
   Google Scholar
• Finkler, W., & Higham, J. (2004). The human dimensions of whale watching: An analysis based on viewing platforms. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490441757
   Google Scholar
• Forestell, P. H. (1990). Marine education and ocean tourism: Replacing parasitism with symbiosis. In M. L. Miller, & J. Auyong (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1990 Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism (Vol. 1, pp. 35–39). National Coastal Resources Research & Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Forestell, P. H., & Kaufman, G. D. (1990). The history of whale watching in Hawaii and its role in enhancing visitor appreciation for endangered species. In Proceedings of the 1990 Congress on Coastal and marine tourism (Vol. 2, pp. 399–407). National Coastal Resources Research and Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• García-Cegarra, A. M., & Pacheco, A. S. (2017). Whale-watching trips in Peru lead to increases in tourist knowledge, pro-conservation intentions and tourist concern for the impacts of whale-watching on humpback whales. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystem, 2017, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2754
   Google Scholar
• Garrison, B. (2003). The nature and adventure traveler: tourism growth potential in Clearwater Beach (Unpublished report). Dolphin-Aware Pilot Project, Initial Meeting of Local Stakeholders.
   Google Scholar
• Garrod, B., & Wilson, J. C. (2003). Marine ecotourism: Issues and experiences. Aspects of tourism 7. Channel View Publications. 262pp.
   Google Scholar
• Harms, M. (2011). Interpreting the effectiveness of whale watching: Experimenting with intentions [Unpublished master's thesis]. Wageningen University and Research Centre. http://edepot.wur.nl/220109
   Google Scholar
• Harms, M., Asmutis-Silvia, R., & Rosner, A. (2013). Whale watching: More than meets the eyes. (Report) NOAA’s Fisheries Northeast Region Program Office (NERO), 113pp.
   Google Scholar
• Higham, J. E. S., Bejder, L., & Lusseau, D. (2009). An integrated and adaptive management model to address the long-term sustainability of tourist interactions with cetaceans. Environmental Conservation, 35(4), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892908005249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt, E. (2001). Whale-watching 2001: Worldwide tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding socioeconomic benefits. (Report) International Fund for Animal Welfare.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, M., & Saunders, A. M. (2005). Interpretation, activity participation, and environmental attitudes of visitors to Penguin Island, Western Australia. Society & Natural Resources, 18(7), 611–624. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920590959587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iozzi, L. A. (1989). What research says to the educator - part one: Environmental education and the affective domain. Journal of Environmental Education, 20(3), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1989.9942782
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, E., Harcourt, R., & Bradford, W. (2014). Will whale watchers sacrifice personal experience to minimize harm to whales? Tourism in Marine Environments, 10(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427314X14056884441662
   Google Scholar
• Kong, H. (2014). Are tour guides in China ready for ecotourism? An importance–performance analysis of perceptions and performances. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2012.724018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien, J. (2001). The Conservation Basis for the Regulation of Whale Watching in Canada by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans: A Precautionary Approach. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2363: vi + 38 p.
   Google Scholar
• Lück, M. (2003). Education on marine mammal tours as agent for conservation – but do tourists want to be educated? Ocean & Coastal Management, 46(9-10), 943–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00071-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes, G., Dyer, P., & Richins, H. (2004). Dolphin–human interaction: Pro-environmental attitudes, beliefs and intended behaviours and actions of participants in interpretation programs: A pilot study. Annals of Leisure Research, 7(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2004.10600938
   Google Scholar
• New, L., Hall, A. J., Harcourt, R., Kaufman, G., Parsons, E. C. M., Pearson, H. C., Cosentino, A. M., & Schick, R. S. (2015). The modelling and assessment of whale-watching impacts. Ocean & Coastal Management, 115, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor, S., Campbell, R., Cortez, H., & Knowles, T. (2009). Whale Watching Worldwide: Tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits. Economist at Large & IFAW.
   Google Scholar
• Orams, M. B. (1994). Creating effective interpretation for managing interaction between tourists and wildlife. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 10, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0814062600003062
   Google Scholar
• Orams, M. B. (1995). Towards a more desirable form of ecotourism. Tourism Management, 16(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)00001-Q
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orams, M. B. (1997). The effectiveness of environmental education: Can we turn tourists into ‘greenies'? Progress of Tourism Hospitality Research, 3(4), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199712)3:4<295::AID-PTH85>3.0.CO;2-D
   Google Scholar
• Orams, M. B. (2000). Tourists getting close to whales, is it what whale-watching is all about? Tourism Management, 21(6), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00006-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, E. C. M. (2012). The negative impacts of whale-watching. Journal of Marine Biology, 2012, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/807294
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, E. C. M., & Brown, D. M. (2017). Recent advances in whale-watching research: 2015:2016. Tourism in Marine Environments, 12(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427317X694728
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, E. C. M., Warburton, C. A., Woods-Ballard, A., Hughes, A., Johnston, P., Bates, H., & Lück, M. (2003). Whale-watching tourists in west Scotland. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(2), 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040308668137
   Google Scholar
• Ponnampalam, L. S. (2011). Dolphin watching in Muscat. Sultanate of Oman: Tourist perceptions and actual current practice. Tourism in Marine Environments, 7, 81–93. doi: 10.3727/154427311X13038402065866
   Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., & Ham, S. H. (2008). Can ecotourism interpretation really lead to pro-conservation knowledge, attitudes and behaviour? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(4), 467–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802154223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander, B. (2012). The importance of education in ecotourism ventures: Lessons from Rara Avis Ecolodge. Costa Rica. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 4(4), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2012.049408
   Google Scholar
• Stamation, K. A., Croft, D. B., Shaughnessy, P. D., Waples, K. A., & Briggs, S. V. (2007). Educational and conservation value of whale watching. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427307784835660
   Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (1993). Value orientations, gender, and environmental concern. Environment and Behavior, 25(5), 322–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916593255002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanga, J. O., Hayombe, P. O., Odunga, P. O., & Odede, F. Z. A. (2013). The nexus between environmental knowledge and ecotourism attitude among the local youths in Co-educational Secondary Schools in Bondo Sub-County, Siaya County. Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 3, 103–116.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton, C.A. (1999). Marine wildlife tourism and whale-watching on the Island of Mull, West Scotland. [Master's thesis, University of Kent], 100pp.
   Google Scholar
• Wearing, S. L., Cunningham, P. A., Schweinsberg, S., & Jobberns, C. (2014). Whale watching as ecotourism: How sustainable is it? Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal, 6, 38–55.
   Google Scholar
• Zeppel, H., & Muloin, S. (2008). Conservation benefits of interpretation on marine wildlife tours. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 13(4), 280–294. doi: 10.1080/10871200802187105
   Google Scholar