SINGLE DEFOLIATION HAD LITTLE INFLUENCE ON GROWTH AND DRY MATTER ATTRIBUTES OF SHEA (VITELLARIA PARADOXA C. F. GAERTN.) SEEDLINGS

REFERENCES

• Adefolalu , A. D. 2002 . “ Climate ” . In Africa Atlases: Nigeria. , Edited by: Pigeonniere , A L . 62 – 65 . Paris : Les Editions J. A. .
   Google Scholar
• Bayala , J. , Mando , A. , Teklehaimanot , Z. and Ouédraogo , S. J. 2005 . Nutrient release from decomposing leaf mulches of karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) under semi-arid conditions in Burkina Faso, West Africa . Soil Biology and Biochemistry. , 37 : 533 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boege , K. 2005 . Influence of plant ontogeny on compensation to leaf damage . American Journal of Botany , 92 : 1632 – 1640 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dogbevi , E. K. 2007 . Ghana and the shea tree Website: http://www.myjoyonline.com/features/200712/10987.aspAccessed 13/2/2010
   Google Scholar
• GENSTAT . 2007 . GENSTAT Discovery Edition 3, Release 7.2DE , UK : Lawes Agricultural Trust, Rothamstead Experimental Station .
   Google Scholar
• Gerhardt , K. 1998 . Leaf defoliation of tropical dry forest tree seedlings—implications for survival and growth . Trees , 13 : 88 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , R. K. M and Walker , A. J. 1984 . An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield. , 292pp New York : Longman Scientific and Technical .
   Google Scholar
• ICRAF . 2000 . “ International Centre for Research in Agroforestry ” . In Agroforestree Database 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , G. 1968 . Notes on West African Vegetation—III: the seedling morphology of Butyrospermum paradoxum . Journal of West African Science Association , 13 : 215 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Keay , R. W. J. 1989 . Trees of Nigeria. , 4766 Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lim , W. H. L. and Turner , I. M. 1996 . Resource availability and growth responses to defoliation in seedlings of three early-successional, tropical, woody species . Ecological Research , 11 : 321 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Madgwick , H. A. I. 1975 . Effects of partial defoliation on the growth of Liriodendron tulipifera L. seedlings . Annals of Botany , 39 : 1111 – 1115 .
   Google Scholar
• Maranz , S. , Kpikpi , W. , Wiesman , Z. , Saint Sauveur , A. and Chapagain , B. 2004 . Nutritional values and indigenous preferences for shea fruits (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn. F.) in African agroforestry parklands . Economic Botany , 58 : 588 – 600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiema , A. and Umali , B. E. 2007 . Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn. Record from Protabase , Edited by: van der Vossen , H. A. M. and Mkamilo , G. S. Wageningen , , Netherlands : PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropica Africa) . Website: http://database.prota.org/search.html
   Google Scholar
• Núñez-Farfán , J. and Dirzo , R. 1991 . Effect of defoliation on the saplings of a gap colonizing neotropical tree . Journal of Vegetation Science , 2 : 459 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Popoola , L. and Tee , N. T. 2001 . Potentials of Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn F. in Agroforestry systems in Benue State . Nigerian Journal of Ecology , 16 : 20 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Tappan , W. C. 1966 . Agronomic and Economic Aspects of the Cultivation of Certain Horticultural Crops in Northern Nigeria , 65pp United States Agency for International Development . Consultancy Report C-61
   Google Scholar
• Treadwell , L. W. and Cuda , J. P. 2007 . Effect of defoliation on growth and reproduction of Brazillian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius) . Weed Science , 55 : 137 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugese , F. D. , Baiyeri , K. P. and Mbah , B. N. 2008a . Nutritional composition of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) fruit pulp across its major distribution zones in Nigeria . Fruits , 63 : 65 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Ugese , F. D. , Baiyeri , K. P. and Mbah , B. N. 2008b . Mineral content of the pulp of shea butter fruit (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) sourced from seven locations in the savanna ecology of Nigeria . Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology , 2 : 40 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Ugese , F. D. , Baiyeri , K. P. and Mbah , B. N. 2008c . Effect of seed origin and watering regime on seedling growth and dry matter yield of shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn F.) seedlings . Bioresearch , 6 : 303 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Ugese , F. D. , Baiyeri , K. P. and Mbah , B. N. 2008d . Leaf area determination of shea butter tree (Vitellaria Paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) . International Agrophysics , 22 : 167 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Ugese , F. D. , Baiyeri , K. P. and Mbah , B. N. 2010 . Determination of growth stages and seedling structures associated with slow emergence of shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F.Gaertn.) seedlings . Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences , 8 : 993 – 998 .
   Google Scholar
• Weltzin , J. F. , Archer , S. R. and Heitschmidt , R. K. 1998 . Defoliation and woody (Prosopis glandulosa) seedling regeneration: potential vs. realized herbivory tolerance . Plant Ecology , 138 : 127 – 135 .
   Google Scholar