Emerging drugs for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica

References

• Asseyer S, Schmidt F, Chien C, et al. Pain in AQP4-IgG-positive and MOG-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2018;Jul-Sep;4(3):2055217318796684.
   Google Scholar
• Chavarro VS, Mealy MA, Simpson A, et al. Insufficient treatment of severe depression in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2016 Dec;3(6):e286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekman J, Keisler A, Pedraza O, et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: patient experience and quality of life. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6:e580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel FC, Schliesseit J, Brandt AU, et al. Cognitive Impairment in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a review of clinical and neuroradiological features. Front Neurol. 2019;10:608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penner IK, Paul F. Fatigue as a symptom or comorbidity of neurological diseases. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017 Nov;13(11):662–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asseyer SCG, Paul F. Pain in NMOSD and MOGAD: a systematic literature review of pathophysiology, symptoms and current treatment strategies. Front Neurol 2020. in press. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2020.00778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O’Brien PC, et al. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome). Neurology. 1999 Sep 22;53(5):1107–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B, et al. Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: A multicentre study of 175 patients. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9(1):14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandit L, Asgari N, Apiwattanakul M, et al. Demographic and clinical features of neuromyelitis optica: A review. Mult Scler. 2015 Jun;21(7):845–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori M, Kuwabara S, Paul F. Worldwide prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 Jun;89(6):555–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold SM, Willing A, Leypoldt F, et al. Sex differences in autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Semin Immunopathol. 2019 Mar;41(2):177–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jy An H, Nakashima I, Broadley SA, et al. Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and its prevalence and incidence worldwide. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020 June 26;11(501):1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Borisow N, Kleiter I, Gahlen A, et al. Influence of female sex and fertile age on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler. 2017 Jul;23(8):1092–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Souza M, Papadopoulou A, Levy M, et al. Diagnostic procedures in suspected attacks in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: results of an international survey. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Feb;29(41):102027.
   Google Scholar
• Kremer L, Mealy M, Jacob A, et al. Brainstem manifestations in neuromyelitis optica: a multicenter study of 258 patients. Mult Scler. 2014;20:843–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2006 May 23;66(10):1485–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters P, Reindl M, Saiz A, et al. Multicentre comparison of a diagnostic assay: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;87(9):1005–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D, et al. Mechanisms of disease: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008 4;Apr(4):202–214.
   Google Scholar
• Zamvil SS, Slavin AJ. Does MOG Ig-positive AQP4-seronegative opticospinal inflammatory disease justify a diagnosis of NMO spectrum disorder? Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015. 2. Feb(1):e62.
   Google Scholar
• Winklmeier S, Schlüter M, Spadaro M, et al. Identification of circulating MOG-specific B cells in patients with MOG antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6:625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon YN, Waters PJ, Kim M, et al. Peripherally derived macrophages as major phagocytes in MOG encephalomyelitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6(5):e600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujihara K. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: still evolving and broadening. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32:385–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Passos GR, Oliveira LM, da Costa BK, et al. MOG-IgG-associated optic neuritis, encephalitis, and myelitis: lessons learned from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Front Neurol. 2018;9:217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 3: brainstem involvement - frequency, presentation and outcome. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13:280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin. J Neuroinflammation. 2016 Sep 26;13(1):279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narayan R, Simpson A, Fritsche K, et al. MOG antibody disease: A review of MOG antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;25:66–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, et al. MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. J Neuroinflammation. 2018 May 3;15(1):134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015 Jul 14;85(2):177–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spadaro M, Gerdes LA, Krumbholz M, et al. Autoantibodies to MOG in a distinct subgroup of adult multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation. 2016;3:e257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reindl M, Waters P. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15:89–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandit L, Mustafa S, Nakashima I, et al. MOG-IgG-associated disease has a stereotypical clinical course, asymptomatic visual impairment and good treatment response. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2018;4:205521731878782.
   Google Scholar
• Sepúlveda M, Armangué T, Sola-Valls N, et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: comparison according to the phenotype and serostatus. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2016;3:e225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S-M, Woodhall MR, Kim J-S, et al. Antibodies to MOG in adults with inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015;2:e163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobo-Calvo A, D’Indy H, Ruiz A, et al. Frequency of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody in multiple sclerosis: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7:2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoftberger R, Guo Y, Flanagan EP, et al. The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody. Acta Neuropathol. 2020 May;139(5):875–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reindl M, Schanda K, Woodhall M, et al. International multicenter examination of MOG antibody assays. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020 Mar 5;7(3):e718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel FC, Zimmermann H, Paul F, et al. Optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: potential advantages for individualized monitoring of progression and therapy. Epma J. 2018 Mar;9(1):21–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel FC, Kuchling J, Zimmermann H, et al. Microstructural visual system changes in AQP4- antibody-seropositive NMOSD. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017 May;4(3):e334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringelstein M, Harmel J, Zimmermann H, et al. Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2020 Jan 28;94(4):e407–e418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett JL, de Seze J, Lana-Peixoto M, et al. Neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis: seeing differences through optical coherence tomography. Mult Scler. 2015 May;21(6):678–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trebst C, Jarius S, Berthele A, et al. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica: recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). J Neurol. 2014 Jan;261(1):1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borisow N, Mori M, Kuwabara S, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of NMO spectrum disorder and MOG-encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: results from 211 lumbar punctures. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Jul 15;306(1–2):82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Franciotta D, Paul F, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders: frequency, origin, and diagnostic relevance. J Neuroinflammation. 2010 Sep 8;7:52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius SPH, Siebert N, Korporal-Kuhnke M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 1: results from 163 lumbar punctures in 100 adult patients. Neuroinflammation. 2020. in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius SLC, Wendel EM, Baumann M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 2: results from 108 lumbar punctures in 80 pediatric patients. Neuroinflammation. 2020. in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Wildemann B. The history of neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroinflammation. 2013 Jan;15(10):8.
   Google Scholar
• Kremer L, Mealy M, Jacob A, et al. Brainstem manifestations in neuromyelitis optica: a multicenter study of 258 patients. Mult Scler. 2014 Jun;20(7):843–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, Paul F, Lana-Peixoto MA, et al. MRI characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an international update. Neurology. 2015 Mar 17;84(11):1165–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon PVA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2004;364:2106–2112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayzenberg I, Schollhammer J, Hoepner R, et al. Efficacy of glatiramer acetate in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter retrospective study. J Neurol. 2016 Mar;263(3):575–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzopardi L, Cox AL, McCarthy CL, et al. Alemtuzumab use in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a brief case series. J Neurol. 2016 Jan;263(1):25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Berthele A, et al. Failure of natalizumab to prevent relapses in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:239–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Min JH, Kim BJ, Lee KH. Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler. 2012 Jan;18(1):113–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamout BI, Beaini S, Zeineddine MM, et al. Catastrophic relapses following initiation of dimethyl fumarate in two patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler. 2017 Aug;23(9):1297–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshii F, Moriya Y, Ohnuki T, et al. Fingolimod-induced leukoencephalopathy in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016;7:53–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellmann JP, Krumbholz M, Friede T, et al. Immunotherapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: efficacy and predictors of response. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Aug;88(8):639–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, et al. Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks: A retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2018;5:e504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, et al. Neuromyelitis optica: evaluation of 871 attacks and 1,153 treatment courses. Ann Neurol. 2016 Feb;79(2):206–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiebel-Kalish H, Hellmann MA, Mimouni M, et al. Does time equal vision in the acute treatment of a cohort of AQP4 and MOG optic neuritis? Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019 Jul;6(4):e572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnan M, Valentino R, Debeugny S, et al. Short delay to initiate plasma exchange is the strongest predictor of outcome in severe attacks of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;89(4):346–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Tian DC, Fan M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for acute attacks in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Jun;26(44):102325.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu W, Kermode AG, Li R, et al. Azathioprine plus corticosteroid treatment in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica. J Clin Neurosci. 2015 Jul;22(7):1178–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Zhang C, Bai P, et al. Effectiveness of low dose of rituximab compared with azathioprine in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica: an over 2-year follow-up study. Acta Neurol Belg. 2017 Sep;117(3):695–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costanzi C, Matiello M, Lucchinetti CF, et al. Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2011 Aug 16;77(7):659–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montcuquet A, Collongues N, Papeix C, et al. Effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil as first-line therapy in AQP4-IgG, MOG-IgG, and seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler. 2017 Sep;23(10):1377–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mealy MA, Wingerchuk DM, Palace J, et al. Comparison of relapse and treatment failure rates among patients with neuromyelitis optica: multicenter study of treatment efficacy. JAMA Neurol. 2014 Mar;71(3):324–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsone L, Kitley J, Luppe S, et al. Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK. Mult Scler. 2014;20:1533–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan I, Charlson RW, Ryerson LZ, et al. Effectiveness of subcutaneous tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019 Dec;30(39):101920.
   Google Scholar
• Collongues N, Ayme-Dietrich E, Monassier L, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: current management and future options. Drugs. 2019 Feb;79(2):125–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabre P, Olindo S, Marignier R, et al. Efficacy of mitoxantrone in neuromyelitis optica spectrum: clinical and neuroradiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 May;84(5):511–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitley J, Elsone L, George J, et al. Methotrexate is an alternative to azathioprine in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;84(8):918–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama T, Komori M, Miyamoto K, et al. Combination of cyclosporine A with corticosteroids is effective for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol. 2013 Feb;260(2):627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mealy MA, Kim S-H, Schmidt F, et al. Aquaporin-4 serostatus does not predict response to immunotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler. 2018;24:1737–1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellwardt E, Ellwardt L, Bittner S, et al. Monitoring B-cell repopulation after depletion therapy in neurologic patients. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2018 Jul;5(4):e463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen M, Romero G, Bas J, et al. Monitoring CD27+ memory B-cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients treated with rituximab: results from a bicentric study. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Feb 15;373:335–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novi G, Bovis F, Capobianco M, et al. Efficacy of different rituximab therapeutic strategies in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;36:101430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Kim Y, Kim G, et al. Less frequent rituximab retreatment maintains remission of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, following long-term rituximab treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;90(4):486–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao F, Chai B, Gu C, et al. Effectiveness of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica: a meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2019 Mar 6;19(1):36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tahara M, Oeda T, Okada K, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (RIN-1 study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Apr;19(4):298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcinnò A, Marnetto F, Valentino P, et al. Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2018;5:e498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damato V, Evoli A, Iorio R. Efficacy and safety of rituximab therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Nov 1;73(11):1342–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittam D, Cobo-Calvo A, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, et al. Treatment of MOG-IgG-associated demyelination with Rituximab: a multinational study of 98 patients (S13.003). Neurology. 2018;90 (Suppl. 15).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durozard P, Rico A, Boutiere C, et al. Comparison of the response to rituximab between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin-4 antibody diseases. Ann Neurol. 2020 Feb;87(2):256–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittam DH, Cobo-Calvo A, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, et al. Treatment of MOG-IgG-associated disorder with rituximab: an international study of 121 patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Jun 2;44:102251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espiritu AI, Pasco PMD. Efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019 Aug;33:22–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikoo Z, Badihian S, Shaygannejad V, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of azathioprine and rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurol. 2017 Sep;264(9):2003–2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflammation. 2016 Sep 27;13(1):280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Wang CJ, Wang BJ, et al. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and lower dosages of rituximab among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol Sci. 2018 Feb;15(385):192–197.
   Google Scholar
• Huang W, Wang L, Zhang B, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies in preventive treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;35:246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Ren H, Xu Y, et al. Long-term efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders: A prospective study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long-term interleukin-6-receptor blockade in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG associated encephalomyelitis [Internet]. ECTRIMS Online Library: 2019. [cited 2020 Apr 20]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.ectrims-congress.eu/ectrims/2019/stockholm/278546/marius.ringelstein.long-term.interleukin-6-receptor.blockade.in.neuromyelitis.html?f=listing%3D3*browseby%3D8*sortby%3D1*media%3D1.
   Google Scholar
• Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Harmel J, et al. Long-term therapy with interleukin 6 receptor blockade in highly active neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Jul;72(7):756–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreón Guarnizo E, Hernández Clares R, Castillo Triviño T, et al. Experience with tocilizumab in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurologia. 2019 Mar 27;S0213-4853(19)30033-7.
   Google Scholar
• Novi G, Gastaldi M, Franciotta D, et al. Tocilizumab in MOG-antibody spectrum disorder: a case report. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;27:312–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, et al. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 May;19(5):391–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• .Davis J. Eculizumab. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 Sep 1;65(17): 1609–1615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly RJ, Höchsmann B, Szer J, et al. Eculizumab in pregnant patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1032–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskovich O, Fishelson Z. Quantification of complement C5b-9 binding to cells by flow cytometry. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1100:103–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K, et al. Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 15;381(7):614–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara LA, Topaz N, Wang X, et al. High risk for invasive meningococcal disease among patients receiving eculizumab (Soliris) despite receipt of meningococcal vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Jul 14;66(27):734–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan T, Tradtrantip L, Phuan PW, et al. Affinity-matured ‘aquaporumab’ anti-aquaporin-4 antibody for therapy of seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neuropharmacology. 2020 Jan 1;162:107827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tradtrantip L, Zhang H, Saadoun S, et al. Anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol. 2012 Mar;71(3):314–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubizarreta I, Florez-Grau G, Vila G, et al. Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica with peptide-loaded tolerogenic dendritic cells in a phase 1b trial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Apr 23;116(17):8463–8470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocilizumab versus Azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (TANGO): a head-to-head comparative study. ECTRIMS Online Library; Sep 12, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Höftberger R, Guo Y, Flanagan EP, et al. The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody. Acta Neuropathol. 2020 May;139(5):875–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai Y, Misu T, Kaneko K, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: an immunopathological study. Brain. 2020 May 1;143(5):1431–1446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett JL, O’Connor KC, Bar-Or A, et al. B lymphocytes in neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015 Jun;2(3):e104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshita Y, Obermeier B, Cotleur AC, et al. Effects of neuromyelitis optica-IgG at the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017 Jan;4(1):e311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chihara N, Aranami T, Sato W, et al. Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 1;108(9):3701–3706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melamed E, Levy M, Waters PJ, et al. Update on biomarkers in neuromyelitis optica. NeurologyI Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation. 2015;2:e134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agasing AM, Wu Q, Khatri B, et al. Transcriptomics and proteomics reveal a cooperation between interferon and T-helper 17 cells in neuromyelitis optica. Nat Commun. 2020 Jun 5;11(1):2856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz I. Rationale for B cell targeting in SLE. Semin Immunopathol. 2014 May;36(3):365–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher S, Yusuf I, McCaughtry TM, et al. MEDI-551 treatment effectively depletes B cells and reduces serum titers of autoantibodies in mice transgenic for sle1 and human CD19. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Apr;68(4):965–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen P, Roch T, Lampropoulou V, et al. IL-35-producing B cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases. Nature. 2014 Mar 20;507(7492):366–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsthuber TG, Cimbora DM, Ratchford JN, et al. B cell-based therapies in CNS autoimmunity: differentiating CD19 and CD20 as therapeutic targets. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018;11:1756286418761697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi I, Lassmann H. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Feb;88(2):137–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan T, Smith AJ, Verkman AS. Complement-independent bystander injury in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica produced by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2019 Jul 11;7(1):112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucchinetti CF. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain. 2002;125:1450–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phuan PW, Zhang H, Asavapanumas N, et al. C1q-targeted monoclonal antibody prevents complement-dependent cytotoxicity and neuropathology in in vitro and mouse models of neuromyelitis optica. Acta Neuropathol. 2013 Jun;125(6):829–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul F, Murphy O, Pardo S, et al. Investigational drugs in development to prevent neuromyelitis optica relapses. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2018 Mar;27(3):265–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchow A, Paul F, Bellmann-Strobl J. Current and emerging biologics for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2020 Apr;13:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Moore PA, Belvedere O, Orr A, et al. BLyS: member of the tumor necrosis factor family and B lymphocyte stimulator. Science. 1999 Jul 9;285(5425):260–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada K, Matsushita T, Kira J, et al. B-cell activating factor of the TNF family is upregulated in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2010 Jan 12;74(2):177–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Cava A. Targeting the BLyS-APRIL signaling pathway in SLE. Clin Immunol. 2013 Sep;148(3):322–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu D, Li J, Xu D, Wang W, et al. A human recombinant fusion protein targeting B lymphocyte stimulator (BlyS) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), telitacicept (RC18), in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): results of a phase 2b study [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71 (suppl. 10).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, et al. Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019 Nov 28;381(22):2114–2124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 May;19(5):402–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki M, Matsuoka T, Miyamoto K, et al. Efficacy of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica: a pilot study. Neurology. 2014 Apr 15;82(15):1302–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applications for new human medicines under evaluation by the committee for medicinal products for human use. [Internet]. 2019, Oct. [cited 2020 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/applications-new-human-medicines-under-evaluation-chmp-october-2019_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chugai’s satralizumab receives FDA breakthrough therapy designation for neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders [Internet]. December, 19, 2018. [cited 2020 Apr 21]. Available from: https://www.roche.com/dam/jcr:0661236f-ed44-4eeb-b5df-b535a532e584/en/181219_IR_Chugai_eSatralizumab_BTD.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chugai receives orphan drug designation for satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the ministry of health, labour and welfare [Internet]. Sep 13, 2019. [cited 2020 Apr 21]. Available from: https://www.chugai-pharm.co.jp/english/news/detail/20190913140000_646.html
   Google Scholar
• Herbst R, Wang Y, Gallagher S, et al. B-cell depletion in vitro and in vivo with an afucosylated anti-CD19 antibody. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010;335:213–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, et al. Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Oct 12;394(10206):1352–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA approves new therapy for rare disease affecting optic nerve, spinal cord [Internet]. 2020; June11. [cited 2020 Jun 30]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-therapy-rare-disease-affecting-optic-nerve-spinal-cord
   Google Scholar
• Cree B The N-MOmentum study - a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Inebilizumab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: randomised controlled period and open-label extension results. Abstract: 139. ECTRIMS Online Library; Sep 12, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• AstraZeneca’s potential medicine for neuromyelitis optica receives FDA Orphan drug designation [Internet]. 09 March 2016. [cited 2020 Apr 21]. Available from: https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2016/astrazenecas-potential-medicine-for-neuromyelitis-optica-receives-fda-orphan-drug-designation-09032016.html#
   Google Scholar
• VielaBio. Viela Bio Receives U.S. FDA Breakthrough therapy designation for inebilizumab for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder online press release April 18, 2019. [cited 2019 Nov 8]. Available from: https://ir.vielabio.com/news-releases/news-release-details/viela-bio-receives-us-fda-breakthrough-therapy-designation
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan D, Yu ZX, Zhang Y, et al. Design and preclinical characterization of ALXN1210: A novel anti-C5 antibody with extended duration of action. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Sicre de Fontbrune F, Wong Lee Lee L, et al. Ravulizumab (ALXN1210) vs eculizumab in adult patients with PNH naive to complement inhibitors: the 301 study. Blood. 2019 Feb 7;133(6):530–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghbanian SM, Asgari N, Sahraian MA, et al. A comparison of pediatric and adult neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A review of clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment. J Neurol Sci. 2018 May;15(388):222–231.
   Google Scholar
• Neubert K, Meister S, Moser K, et al. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib depletes plasma cells and protects mice with lupus-like disease from nephritis. Nat Med. 2008 Jul;14(7):748–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Tian DC, Yang CS, et al. Safety and efficacy of bortezomib in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Aug 1;74(8):1010–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Verkman AS. Eosinophil pathogenicity mechanisms and therapeutics in neuromyelitis optica. J Clin Invest. 2013 May;123(5):2306–2316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz Sand I, Fabian MT, Telford R, et al. Open-label, add-on trial of cetirizine for neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2018 Mar;5(2):e441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Wu X, Chen Y. Study on dalfampridine in the treatment of multiple sclerosis mobility disability: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0222288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz K, Wymbs NF, Huang H, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study of dalfampridine extended-release in transverse myelitis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2017;Oct-Dec;3(4):2055217317740145.
   Google Scholar
• Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Sheehan M, et al. Placebo-controlled study in neuromyelitis optica - Ethical and design considerations. Mult Scler. 2016;22:862–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes R. A placebo controlled trial for an NMO relapse prevention treatment: ethical considerations. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4:580–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cree BAC. Placebo controlled trials in neuromyelitis optica are needed and ethical. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4:536–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinshenker BG, Barron G, Behne JM, et al. Challenges and opportunities in designing clinical trials for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2015;84:1805–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy M. The ethics of placebo controlled clinical trials in NMO - A balance of risks. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015 Nov;4(6):512–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höftberger R, Gelpi E. Diagnostic challenges and pitfalls of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated demyelination: lessons from neuropathology. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019 Mar;6(2):e544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruijstens AL, Wong YYM, van Pelt DE, et al. HLA association in MOG-IgG- and AQP4-IgG-related disorders of the CNS in the Dutch population. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020 May;7(3):e702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Lee EJ, Kim S, et al. Serum biomarkers in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020 May;7(3):e708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Mealy MA, Levy M, et al. Racial differences in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurology. 2018 Nov 27;91(22):e2089–e2099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Or A, Steinman L, Behne JM, et al. Restoring immune tolerance in neuromyelitis optica: part II. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2016 Oct;3(5):e277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinman L, Bar-Or A, Behne JM, et al. Restoring immune tolerance in neuromyelitis optica: part I. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2016 Oct;3(5):e276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abboud H, Petrak A, Mealy M, et al. Treatment of acute relapses in neuromyelitis optica: steroids alone versus steroids plus plasma exchange. Mult Scler. 2016 Feb;22(2):185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt RK, Balabanov R, Han X, et al. Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2019 Oct 29;93(18):e1732–e1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks J, Bose G, Thebault S, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant in patients with severe refractory neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease: the Ottawa experience. ECTRIMS Online Library. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Yan Y, Qi Y, et al. Impact of autologous mesenchymal stem cell infusion on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a pilot, 2-year observational study. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2016 Aug;22(8):677–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura RE, Kister I, Chung S, et al. Cervical spinal cord atrophy in NMOSD without a history of myelitis or MRI-visible lesions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2016 Jun;3(3):e224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamura T, Nakashima I. Foveal thinning in neuromyelitis optica: a sign of retinal astrocytopathy? Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017 May;4(3):e347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuchling J, Paul F. Visualizing the central nervous system: imaging tools for multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Front Neurol. 2020;11:450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel FC, Havla J, Roca-Fernandez A, et al. Retinal ganglion cell loss in neuromyelitis optica: a longitudinal study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 Dec;89(12):1259–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar