Emerging drugs for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy

References

• Collins AJ, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, et al. United States Renal Data System public health surveillance of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2015;5(1):2–7. 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA consensus conference. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(10):2864–2883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins AJ, Foley RN, Chavers B, et al. ‘United States Renal Data System 2011 Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease & end-stage renal disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(1 Suppl 1):A7, e1–420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller ME, Bonds DE, Gerstein HC, et al. The effects of baseline characteristics, glycaemia treatment approach, and glycated haemoglobin concentration on the risk of severe hypoglycaemia: post hoc epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ. 2010;340(jan08 1):b5444.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramirez SP, McCullough KP, Thumma JR, et al. Hemoglobin A(1c) levels and mortality in the diabetic hemodialysis population: findings from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2527–2532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shurraw S, Hemmelgarn B, Lin M, et al. Association between glycemic control and adverse outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(21):1920–1927.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox CS, Matsushita K, Woodward M, et al. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1662–1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(20):1456–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytvyn Y, Bjornstad P, van Raalte DH, et al., The new biology of diabetic kidney disease-mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2020;41(2):202–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayodele OE, Alebiosu CO, Salako BL. Diabetic nephropathy–a review of the natural history, burden, risk factors and treatment. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(11):1445–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keri KC, Samji NS, Blumenthal S. Diabetic nephropathy: newer therapeutic perspectives. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2018;8(4):200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossing P. Prediction, progression and prevention of diabetic nephropathy. The Minkowski Lecture 2005. Diabetologia. 2006;49(1):11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, et al. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulec H, Blohme G, Grande B, et al. The effect of metabolic control on rate of decline in renal function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with overt diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(3):651–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes Control and Complications (Dcct) Research Group T. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. the diabetes control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Kidney Int. 1995;47(6):1703–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidney disease: improving global outcomes diabetes work, G., KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2020;98(4S):S1–S115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Provenzano M, Pelle MC, Zaffina I, et al. Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 inhibitors and nephroprotection in diabetic patients: more than a challenge. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:654557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frampton JE. Finerenone: first Approval. Drugs. 2021;81(15):1787–1794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briasoulis A, Bakris G. The future of interventional management of hypertension: threats and opportunities. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2014;12(1):69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O’Neill WW, et al. A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1393–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisognano JD, Bakris G, Nadim MK, et al. Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled rheos pivotal trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(7):765–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel V, Joharapurkar A, Jain M. Role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in kidney diseases. Drug Dev Res. 2021;82(3):341–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Kolkhof P, Bakris G, et al. Steroidal and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal medicine. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(2):152–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al., Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2219–2229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker S, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing kidney failure and disease progression in diabetic kidney disease trial. Am J Nephrol. 2019;50(5):333–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, et al. Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(24):2252–2263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery MM, Oliveira J E Silva L, Bellolio F, et al. Association of outpatient use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers on outcomes of acute respiratory illness during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(7):e060305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorakopoulou MP, Alexandrou M-E, Boutou AK, et al. Renin-angiotensin system blockers during the COVID-19 pandemic: an update for patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2022;15(3):397–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehfeld JF. The origin and understanding of the incretin concept. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RELEASE FN. FDA approves novel, dual-targeted treatment for type 2 diabetes, in in clinical trials, treatment proved more effective than other therapies evaluated. U.S. Food & Drug Administration: Online Website; 2022 [cited 2022 July 17]. Avilable from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-novel-dual-targeted-treatment-type-2-diabetes.
   Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Holst AG, Vilsboll T. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(9):891–892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuttle KR, Lakshmanan MC, Rayner B, et al. Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(8):605–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A study to learn how well the treatment combination of finerenone and empagliflozin works and how safe it is compared to each treatment alone in adult participants with long-term kidney disease (chronic kidney disease) and type 2 diabetes (CONFIDENCE). NCT05254002 2022 [cited 2022 July 17]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05254002.
   Google Scholar
• Alicic RZ, Cox EJ, Neumiller JJ, et al., Incretin drugs in diabetic kidney disease: biological mechanisms and clinical evidence. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(4):227–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalui SK, Chakraverty R, Yasmin N, et al. Effects of DPP4 inhibitors on renal outcomes in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2021;25(4):283–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frias JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Prato S, Kahn SE, Pavo I, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10313):1811–1824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Barden A, Mori T, et al. Advanced glycation end-products: a review. Diabetologia. 2001;44(2):129–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfold SA, Coughlan MT, Patel SK, et al. Circulating high-molecular-weight RAGE ligands activate pathways implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2010;78(3):287–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasamy R, Vannucci SJ, Yan SSD, et al. Advanced glycation end products and RAGE: a common thread in aging, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. Glycobiology. 2005;15(7):16R–28R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JM, Lee EK, Kim DH, et al. Kaempferol modulates pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB activation by suppressing advanced glycation endproducts-induced NADPH oxidase. Age (Dordr). 2010;32(2):197–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenna A, Nappi F, Avtaar Singh SS, et al. Pharmacologic Approaches Against Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease. Res Cardiovasc Med. 2015;4(2):e26949.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsui T, Higashimoto Y, Nishino Y, et al. RAGE-aptamer blocks the development and progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 2017;66(6):1683–1695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanajou D, Ghorbani Haghjo A, Argani H, et al. AGE-RAGE axis blockade in diabetic nephropathy: current status and future directions. Eur J Pharmacol. 2018;833:158–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbagh MN, Agro A, Bell J, et al. PF-04494700, an oral inhibitor of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2011;25(3):206–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh H, King GL. The role of protein kinase C activation in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl. 2007;72(106):S49–53.
   Google Scholar
• Tesfamariam B, Brown ML, Cohen RA. Elevated glucose impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation by activating protein kinase C. J Clin Invest. 1991;87(5):1643–1648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Toto RD, et al. The effect of ruboxistaurin on nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(11):2686–2690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal D, Badhan Y, Gudala K, et al. Ruboxistaurin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(5):375–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuttle KR, McGill JB, Bastyr EJ, et al. Effect of ruboxistaurin on albuminuria and estimated GFR in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: results from a randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(4):634–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruboxistaurin: LY 333531. Drugs R D. 2007;8(3):193–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thallas-Bonke V, Cooper ME. Tandem inhibition of PKC in dialphabetaetic nephropathy: it takes two to tango? Diabetes. 2013;62(4):1010–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panday A, Sahoo MK, Osorio D, et al. NADPH oxidases: an overview from structure to innate immunity-associated pathologies. Cell Mol Immunol. 2015;12(1):5–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz M, López-Oliva ME, Rodríguez C, et al. Differential contribution of Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 to kidney vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in obesity. Redox Biol. 2020;28:101330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha JC, Gray SP, Barit D, et al. Genetic targeting or pharmacologic inhibition of NADPH oxidase nox4 provides renoprotection in long-term diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(6):1237–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray SP, Di Marco E, Okabe J, et al. NADPH oxidase 1 plays a key role in diabetes mellitus–accelerated atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013;127(18):1888–1902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thallas-Bonke V, Jha JC, Gray SP, et al. Nox-4 deletion reduces oxidative stress and injury by PKC- α -associated mechanisms in diabetic nephropathy. Physiol Rep. 2014;2(11):e12192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorin Y, Cavaglieri RC, Khazim K, et al. Targeting NADPH oxidase with a novel dual Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor attenuates renal pathology in type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2015;308(11):F1276–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray SP, Jha JC, Kennedy K, et al. Combined NOX1/4 inhibition with GKT137831 in mice provides dose-dependent Reno- and atheroprotection even in established micro- and macrovascular disease. Diabetologia. 2017;60(5):927–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SR, An EJ, Kim J, et al. Function of NADPH oxidases in diabetic nephropathy and development of nox inhibitors. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2020;28(1):25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha JJ, Min HS, Kim KT, et al. APX-115, a first-in-class pan-NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor, protects db/db mice from renal injury. Lab Invest. 2017;97(4):419–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorotea D, Kwon G, Lee J, et al. A pan-NADPH oxidase inhibitor ameliorates kidney injury in type 1 diabetic rats. Pharmacology. 2018;102(3–4):180–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon G, Uddin MJ, Lee G, et al. A novel pan-Nox inhibitor, APX-115, protects kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: possible role of peroxisomal and mitochondrial biogenesis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(43):74217–74232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safety and efficacy of oral gkt137831 in patient with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria. NCT02010242 2015 [cited 2022; Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02010242.
   Google Scholar
• He X, Kan H, Cai L, et al. Nrf2 is critical in defense against high glucose-induced oxidative damage in cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2009;46(1):47–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoh K, Hirayama A, Ishizaki K, et al. Hyperglycemia induces oxidative and nitrosative stress and increases renal functional impairment in Nrf2-deficient mice. Genes Cells. 2008;13(11):1159–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aminzadeh MA, Reisman SA, Vaziri ND, et al. The synthetic triterpenoid RTA dh404 (CDDO-dhTFEA) restores Nrf2 activity and attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in rats with chronic kidney disease. Xenobiotica. 2014;44(6):570–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan T, Narasimhan KKS, Ravi DB, et al. Role of Nrf2 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: therapeutic prospect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;160:227–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezu M, Suzuki N, Yamamoto M. Targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 system to prevent kidney disease progression. Am J Nephrol. 2017;45(6):473–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin T, Chen C. Umbelliferone delays the progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting ferroptosis through activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Food Chem Toxicol. 2022;163:112892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pergola PE, Raskin P, Toto RD, et al. Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(4):327–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zeeuw D, Akizawa T, Audhya P, et al. Bardoxolone methyl in type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(26):2492–2503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutuzov MA, Andreeva AV, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA. Regulation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) by polyamine levels via protein phosphatase5. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(27):25388–25395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liles JT, Corkey BK, Notte GT, et al. ASK1 contributes to fibrosis and dysfunction in models of kidney disease. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(10):4485–4500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chertow GM, Pergola PE, Chen F, et al. Effects of selonsertib in patients with diabetic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30(10):1980–1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders H-J, Muruve DA. The inflammasomes in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(6):1007–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang A, Ko K, Clark MR. The emerging role of the inflammasome in kidney diseases. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23(3):204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton HL, Ooi JD, Holdsworth SR, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome in kidney disease and autoimmunity. Nephrology (Carlton). 2016;21(9):736–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1119–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada T, Furuichi K, Sakai N, et al. Up-regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in tubulointerstitial lesions of human diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2000;58(4):1492–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarabra E, Giunti S, Barutta F, et al. Effect of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CC chemokine receptor 2 system on nephrin expression in streptozotocin-treated mice and human cultured podocytes. Diabetes. 2009;58(9):2109–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zeeuw D, Bekker P, Henkel E, et al. The effect of CCR2 inhibitor CCX140-B on residual albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: a randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(9):687–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panchapakesan U, Pollock C. Drug repurposing in kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2018;94(1):40–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettelbach HR, Aviado DM. Clinical pharmacology of pentoxifylline with special reference to its hemorrheologic effect for the treatment of intermittent claudication. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;25(1):8–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick BB, Sydor A, Akbari A, et al. The effect of pentoxifylline on proteinuria in diabetic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52(3):454–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan D, Wu HM, Yuan QY, et al. Pentoxifylline for diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (2):CD006800. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006800.pub2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donate-Correa J, Tagua VG, Ferri C, et al. Pentoxifylline for renal protection in diabetic kidney disease. a model of old drugs for new horizons. J Clin Med. 2019;8(3):287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Mora-Fernández C, Muros de Fuentes M, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(1):220–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leehey DJ, Carlson K, Reda DJ, et al. Pentoxifylline in diabetic kidney disease (VA PTXRx): protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2021;11(8):e053019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pentoxifylline in Diabetic Kidney Disease (PTXRx). NCT03625648 2022 [cited 2022; Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03625648.
   Google Scholar
• Pentoxifylline effect in patients with diabetic nephropathy.(PENFOSIDINE STUDY) (PENFOSIDINE). NCT03664414 2019 [cited 2022; Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03664414.
   Google Scholar
• Fontana P, Alberts P, SAKARIASSEN KS, et al. The dual thromboxane receptor antagonist and thromboxane synthase inhibitor EV-077 is a more potent inhibitor of platelet function than aspirin. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9(10):2109–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SER150. 2022 [cited 2022; Available from: https://serodus.com/ser150/.
   Google Scholar
• Petri MH, Tellier C, Michiels C, et al. Effects of the dual TP receptor antagonist and thromboxane synthase inhibitor EV-077 on human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;441(2):393–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson A, Sakariassen KS, Meyer J-P, et al. Single ascending oral dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics study of EV-077: the specific inhibitor of prostanoid- and isoprostane-induced cellular activation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69(3):459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JF, Green D, Jamerson K, et al. Avosentan for overt diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(3):527–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar